Lecture 7 + Chapter 6

Question 1

what is the purpose of a point pattern analysis

Answer 1

examines the spatial arrangement of locations - objects and events
- all within a single theme - disregards attribute variation
EX: distribution of burglaries near the river in London - your focusing on the location of where burglaries happen not species attributes like what stoles items and their values

Question 2

what are the 3 times of point pattern analysis

Answer 2

1. Random - points distributed without correlation to each other
   - taking a random survey in random locations for an unbiased representation
2. Uniform
   - even distribution through space
   - fire stations across the city for the best coverage
3. Clustered
   - locations close together
   - burglaries targeting a rich region
   - disease spread

Question 3

what are the 5 types of analysis

Answer 3

point pattern
autocorrelation
proximity
correlation
combining

Question 4

what does autocorrelation mean

Answer 4

examines both location and attribute distribution over areas - often with census demographics
it examines if these similar values are more likely to occur near each other
EX: Checking if high-income areas are clustered together in a city map

Question 5

what is a point map

Answer 5

specific locations for individual things

Question 6

what is an area map

Answer 6

Aggregated data over an area - burglary rates by neighbourhood
Determines high-crime neighborhoods for resource allocation

Question 7

what are 3 autocorrelation patterns

Answer 7

1. Negative
   Uniform distribution - no clustering
2. Positive
   Clustering of similar attribute values
3. No Autocorrelation
   No clear pattern of relation between values

Question 8

what is proximity analysis

Answer 8

analyzes spatial relationships between 2 themes - exploring how proximity impacts patterns over time and distance
EX: public health - John Snow Cholera Outbreak
- showed concentrations of cases near the sewer system pump proving that the disease was waterborne
- city layouts use proximity for ambulance routes
- using straight line distance to connect two points to see the distance crows fly
- using network distance - the distance over a transportation network to reach somewhere

Question 9

what is correlation analysis

Answer 9

measures spatial relationships between multiple attributes
- This type of analysis helps to understand how different variables might be interrelated within the same space
- correlation does not mean the cause - it is the additional data that is needed to make causation claims
- data must be comparable - needs to have good spatial, attribute, temporal and interoperability
EX: Areas with high income often correlate with high educational attainment
EX: demographic shifts in LA for black and Hispanic populations using census categories and tract

Question 10

what does combining analyses mean

Answer 10

mixing methods and different analytical approaches can be combined to have a better product

Question 11

explain a type of map that has combined analyses

Answer 11

police shooting map
- point pattern to show the location of fatal incidents
- autocorrelation of Hispanic population density distribution
- correlation of the relationship between Hispanic residents and income levels

Question 12

why are overlapping analyses helpful

Answer 12

Overlap is often seen - both analyses help understand spatial relations in complex scenarios like shootings and demographic distributions