Lecture 7 and 8: The Small Intestine Flashcards

(46 cards)

1
Q

What is the basis for the digestion/absorption of nutrients in the small intestine?

A

intense motility and secretions in the lumen

large surface area of mucosal cells

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2
Q

Gastric emptying occurs after an ________ (increase/decrease) in intraluminal pressure in the proximal portion of the stomach

A

increase

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3
Q

What happens to duodenal segmental contractions during gastric emptying?

A

They are inhibited

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4
Q

What characteristics of the chyme do vagal afferents respond to?

A

1) acidity

2) hyperosmotic content

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5
Q

Which 2 factors contribute to the inhibition of slowing of gastric emptying?

A

1) fat in duodenum
2) H+ in duodenum

Which is mediated by CCK

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6
Q

When is CCK released?

A

when fatty acids are present in the duodenum

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7
Q

What effect does CCK have on gastric emptying?

A

SLOWS it - contracts pylorus to ensure there is sufficient time for fat to be digested/absorbed

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8
Q

What are the 2 main functions of CCK?

A

1) slow gastric emptying (contract pylorus)

2) relax sphincter of Oddi and contract gallbladder (promote bile and pancreatic secretion)

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9
Q

How does the duodenum detect low pH of chyme?

A

H+ receptors in mucosa –> relay message to gastric smooth muscle via interneurons of myenteric plexus

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10
Q

What are the 2 components of the exocrine pancreatic secretions?

A

1) Aqueous (HCO3)

2) enzymatic component

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11
Q

What is the function of HCOs in the aqueous secretion from the pancreas?

A

neutralize the H+ from the stomach

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12
Q

True or false: pancreatic enzymes are active at acidic pH

A

FALSE

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13
Q

Endocrine is __% of pancreas, exocrine is __%

A

2; 90

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14
Q

How does Secretin drive pancreatic ductal secretion?

A

increases cAMP in duct cells

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15
Q

the increase of cAMP in duct cells opens the CFTR ____ channels which allow an outflow of __ into the duct lumen

A

Cl-

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16
Q

The efflux of Cl- into the lumen drives the __________

A

Cl-/HCO3 antiporter

Cl comes back into cell, HCO3 goes out

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17
Q

Where does the ductal intracellular bicarb come from?

A

1) across basolateral membrane via NBC-1 symporter

2) generated intracellularly by carbonic anhydrase

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18
Q

What moves the H+ into the blood from the ductal cell?

A

Na/H exchanger

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19
Q

Since the CFTR transporter is so important in secreting HCO3 to neutralize the acid, what happens in patients with cystic fibrosis?

A

mutated CFTR so HCO3 secretion is defective (decrease in pancreatic ductal secretion so acinar enzymes are not washed out ultimately destroying the gland)

20
Q

Which cells release CCK?

21
Q

What 3 things trigger CCK release?

A

1) direct interaction of fatty acids or amino acids with I cells
2) binding of fatty acids or amino acids or both to sensor paracrine cells that release CCK-RP
3) release of monitor peptide by pancreatic acinar cells

22
Q

What are the 2 ways CCK stimulates acinar secretion in the pancreas?

A

ENDOCRINE: binds to CCK1 receptor

NEURAL reflexes: activate vagovagal reflex leading to release of Ach, GRP, and VIP by enteric neurons

23
Q

How do CCK, Ach, and GRP effect the release of acinar enzymes?

A

mobilize intracellular Ca++ which phosphorylates various structures and moves enzyme-filled granules to the apical membrane where they fuse and release their contents

24
Q

Where are pancreatic enzymes activated from their zymogen form to their active form?

A

lumen of duodenum

25
What else do pancreatic enzymes contain that prevent premature activation of enzymes?
Trypsin inhibitors
26
What stimulates secretin release?
acidic pH (below 4.5) of the lumen
27
What 4 things can increase pancreatic secretion in the intestinal phase?
1) secretin 2) CCK secretion 3) enteropancreatic reflexes (from distention/hypertonicity) 4) vagovagal reflexes (from CCK sensory enteric neurons)
28
Bile is synthesized and secreted by _____________ into the _____ ____________.
hepatocytes; bile cannaliculi
29
CCK stimulates the ________ of the gallbladder and ________ pf the sphincter of Oddi
contraction; relaxation
30
Major constituents of bile:
``` 65% bile acid 20% phospholipids 5% protein 4% cholesterol 0.3% bile pigments 5-6% electrolytes ```
31
Bile acids are _________ and form micells
detergents
32
The majority of bile acid is recycled from intestine back to liver via ___________ __________
enterohepatic circulation
33
True or false: conjugated bile acids can cross the intestinal epithelium
FALSE
34
How are conjugated bile acids reabsorbed at the terminal ileum?
Na-dependent bile acid transporter (asbt) it is a symporter
35
What happens to bile that reaches the colon?
becomes deconjugated and is passively reabsorbed
36
What are the 2 contractile activities that exist in the small intestine?
1) Segmentation | 2) Peristalsis
37
What are segmentation contractions?
chyme splits and goes both caudad and orad directions, merges again and mixes
38
Where do segmentation contractions occur?
small and large intestine
39
Where do peristaltic contractions occur?
pharynx, esophagus, gastric antrum, small and large intestine
40
Describe the movement of a peristaltic contraction
area orad to the bolus contracts while area caudad to it relaxes, propelling bolus forward
41
What regulates orad contractions in PERISTALSIS
Ach and Substance P
42
What regulates caudad relaxation in PERISTALSIS
VIP and nitric oxide
43
What is the migrating motor complex?
periodic contractions mediated by hormone MOTILIN that occur to clear the remaining gastric and intestinal contents out of the way
44
After a meal, MMC and motilin levels _____ (increase/decrease)
decrease
45
What is the function of Brunner glands in the small intestine?
secrete mucus and bicarb
46
What do Paneth cells secrete?
antimicrobial peptides and enzymes