Lecture 7/8 Flashcards
(T/F) Store bought fresh foods that approximate what is eating in the wild will be adequate for the majority of zoo animals.
(F, store bought vegetables and fruits are rarely as nutritionally complete as their wild counterparts)
(T/F) The effects of poor nutrition are subtle and may not be seen until animals are exposed to disease, expected to reproduce, or expected to grow.
(T)
How have animals evolved to deal with food scarcity in the wild?
(They confine nutritionally costly processes to periods of nutritional abundance)
(T/F) Lack of variability in food availability can induce a lack of typical signals that trigger certain behaviors in wild animals.
(T)
Explain the difference between cats (strict carnivores) and dogs (facultative carnivores) in relation to nitrogen.
(Cats → limited regulation of urea cycle so nitrogen losses remain elevated if dietary nitrogen is low, need constant protein to keep nitrogen high; dogs → able to conserve nitrogen when dietary levels are low)
Explain the difference between cats (strict carnivores) and dogs (facultative carnivores) in relation to carbohydrates.
(Cats → lack hepatic glycolytic enzyme glucokinase (i.e. cannot convert carbs into glucose) and derive most of their blood glucose from specific amino acids via gluconeogenic pathways; dogs → use glucokinase to derive blood glucose from carbs in the diet)
Explain the difference between cats (strict carnivores) and dogs (facultative carnivores) in relation to vitamin A.
(Cats → cannot use plant provitamin A compounds, must have a preformed vitamin A in their diet i.e. their prey convert it for them; dogs → can use plant provitamin A to convert to retinol)
What does feeding only muscle meat lead to deficiencies in? (Calcium, manganese, some B vitamins, and fat soluble vitamins
(A, B, D, E)
Why are frozen whole prey items typically used in zoos?
(Better control over introduction of diseases and better control over supply)
What vitamin should be supplemented in a fish eating animal’s diet?
(Vitamin E → it slows oxidative deterioration of PUFAs in fish but is destroyed in the process so needs to be supplemented)
Produce and browse offered to omnivores is typically chosen based on what things?
(Food selection in the wild, food preference in captivity, observed effects on fecal consistency and body condition, and local market availability)
In an omnivore’s diet, produce should stay below what percentage of dry matter offered?
(30%)
What are the pros and cons of insects in an omnivore diet?
(Good source of protein, good source of fat depending on life stage (this can be a pro or con), and poor source of calcium)
Are fore or hindgut fermenters more sensitive to diet changes?
(Foregut, hindgut fermenters digest food prior to it reaching the fermentation chamber so what reaches it is more tightly regulated = less likely to react to changes in diet unless severe)
What five things must be taken into account when planning for restraint of an animal, especially one that is out of your typical scope of animal restraint?
(The goal of the procedure, the location considerations, the animal considerations, the human considerations, and plan “B” considerations)
What things are important in association with the preparation phase of restraint?
(Confirmation of appropriate supplies and equipment, prepare staff, and prepare animal (may need to be moved, may need to be fasted, etc.))
What are the three types of restraint?
(Behavioral, physical, and chemical)
Why is it important to still know how/be prepared to physically or chemically restrain an animal you have trained to behavioral restraint?
(Bc if the animal is sick or scared, behavioral restraint has a much less likely chance of working → need to know how to still find other ways to restrain the animal)
Give some examples of non-mechanical equipment used for manual restraint?
(Nets, Y poles, gloves)
What type of restraint is associated with using box chutes, stanchions, crushes/squeeze chutes, and drop-floor chutes?
(Mechanical physical restraint)
(T/F) Most hoofstock will refrain from struggling when they no longer have foot purchase (the purpose of drop-floor chutes), allowing long procedures to be performed.
(F, short procedures)
What is the purpose of neuroleptic drugs?
(To attenuate the stress response undergoing intensive management for capture, translocation, isolation, or adaptation to environmental changes)
What is the mechanism of action of neuroleptics?
(Block D2 dopamine receptors → produce a state of lucid relief from anxiety)
(T/F) Narcoleptics are reversible.
(F)
(T/F) Recommended dosages for narcoleptics are inversely proportional to body size so as the bigger an animal gets, the smaller their narcoleptic dose will get.
(T)
Why can reducing the fear response in large animals complicate things?
(It reduces avoidance behavior, increases an animals reluctance to move, and increases aggression)
What is the mechanism of action of alpha 2 agonists?
(Not like it’s in the name or anything, sympathomimetic agents that selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors)
What does the peripheral vasoconstriction induced by alpha 2 agonists cause?
(Hypertension, bradycardia, poor mm color, and 2nd AV blocks)
Which of the alpha 2 agonists used in zoological medicine most significantly causes the peripheral vasoconstriction side effects?
(Medetomidine)
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
(Facilitates the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at various GABA receptors throughout the CNS)
What group of animals is the memory loss side effect of benzodiazepines useful for?
(Primates)
