Lecture 7 Flashcards
Obesity rates have soared around the world
_ out of _ Canadians is overweight or obese
2, 3
Health Consequences of Overweight 1.) Early \_\_\_\_\_ 2.) \_\_\_\_\_ 3.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ 4.) \_\_\_\_\_\_ 5.) \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ disease 6.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ risk 7.) \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 8.) \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ disease 9.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 11.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 12.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ problems 13.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 14.) \_\_\_\_\_ 15.) \_\_\_\_\_ 16.) \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ pain 17.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ veins 18.) higher risk of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 19.) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ( type 2) Men:\_\_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_ Women: \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
1.) Death
2.) Stroke
3.) Obstructive sleep apnea
4.) Snoring
5.) Coronary artery
6.) Surgical
7.) High blood pressure
8.) Gall bladder
9.) Excessive sweating
10.) Cirrhosis of the liver
11.) Highblood cholesterol
12.) Kidney
13.)Cancer
14.) Arthritis
15.) Gout
16.) Low back
17.) Varicose
18.) Blindness
19.) Diabetes
colon, rectum, prostate
breast, uterus, ovaries, gall bladder.
Being obese increases the risk of type __ diabetes, ____ disease, high _____ ______, high _____ _____, _____ resistance, premature _____
2, heart, blood pressure, blood sugar, insulin, death
A variety of factors come into play in the increase of obesity and overweight in Western society
- Consuming calorie-_____ foods and doing less ______
- Food _______
- Larger ______ ____
- Less activity to perform various ____
- ________ living
- Increase in time spent ________ ___,
- ______, fast pace of ____
dense, activity, marketing, portion sizes, jobs, Suburban, watching TV , stress, life,
The human body evolved to _____ fat easily, due to times of scarcity of food thousands of years ago
Now food is easily available, but the ability to ____ excess calories has not changed
store, store
_________ is the problem, rather than just weighing more than the “standard” weight for one’s age and gender
Overfatness
Highly ________ individuals may weigh more than expected
muscled
Having extra ___ weight is the problem, The problem is not necessarily being over weight
fat
Genetic and environmental factors determine one’s ____ _______ ____ (_ _ _)
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
The ____ is the lowest rate of energy expenditure in the body other than sleeping
BMR
Essential fat is fat that is necessary for the body to function normally (e.g. fat surrounding the nerves) and accounts for __-__% of body weight in men, __-__% of body weight in women.
3-7%, 10-12%
________ fat - fat ncessary for normal physiological functioning, such as nerve conduction.
Essential
Essential fat is fat that is necessary for the body to function normally (e.g. fat surrounding the nerves), and accounts for 3-7% of body weight in men, 10-12% of body weight in women
_______ fat refers to all the other fat in the body
Storage
Storage fat in women is higher than in men, due to greater fat deposits in the ____, _____, and _____ in females. -> this is most likely caused by hormones.
hips, thighs, breast.
The tool used to assess overweight or obesity is called the BMI which stands for?
BMI = (weight (kg))/(height (m)^2)
Body Mass Index
The tool used to assess overweight or obesity is called the BMI
BMI = ( _____ kg)/(_____ m^2)
weight, height
Guidelines
Healthy -BMI-____-____
Overweight-BMI between ___ and ___
Obesity- BMI over ___
18.5-24.9
25-29.9
30
BMI above __ is associated with higher risk of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure
25
_____ _____ ____ (_ _ _): a measure of body fatness, calculated by dividing body weight ( in kg) by the square of height ( in meters)
Body mass index (BMI)
________ ___: necessary body fat required for normal physiological functioning.
essential fat
_______: storage fat exceeding 30% of body weight.
Obesity
________ ___: also called depot fat; energy stored as fat in various parts of the body.
Storage Fat
Another method to evaluate overweight is waist:
___ ratio
hip
Another method to evaluate overweight is waist:hip ratio
Ratio of ____ for women and ____ for men is considered safe
Ratio ___ or above is considered at risk
0.8,0.9,1
_____ _________ is also used to evaluate health risks of overweight
Waist circumference
Waist circumference is also used to evaluate health risks of overweight
Waist circumference in men > than __ inches and >__ inches in women shows greater health risk
40, 35
The body ____ calories eaten that are greater than the number of calories expended in activity
Fat is the most efficient type of calorie ______
stores, storage
A region in the brain’s hypothalamus called the _______ controls appetite and eating behaviour.
appestat
Nerves and hormonal signals from the _______ stimulate feeding behaviour as well as controlling the feeling of fullness.
appestat
Appestat turn-ons
- The amount of available energy in your body: you haven’t eaten in several hours and your blood ______ level is low.
glucose
Appestat turn-ons
- Eating ____: It’s your usual dinner time and you expect to eat.
habits
Appestat turn-ons
- Food _____ : you walk into the mall and smell freshly baked chocolate chip cookies and can’t resist one.
trigger
Appestat turn-offs
- ______ _____: You’ve just eaten a lot and you feel as though your stomach is going to explode.
Gastric distention
Appestat turn-offs
- Food _________: A friend orders a pizza with toppings that you don’t like and suddenly you’re not hungry.
palatability
Appestat turn-offs
- _____ _________: you invite a new love interest to dinner and are too distracted by your emotions to eat.
Social palatability
Small ______ excesses of caloric intake not balanced by energy expenditure will add up to fat gain over the years
chronic
The body “defends against __ ___”—once the fat is gained, it is difficult to lose the weight and keep it off.
fat loss
The hormone _____, which is made by the fat cells, is another way in which the body is induced to keep fat stores stable, once they have been established
leptin
_______: region of the hypothalamus that controls appetite and eating behavior.
appestat
______ ______: when energy consumed as food equals the energy expended in living.
energy balance.
_____: a hormone that controls appetite
leptin
________: a storage form of fat.
triglyceride
Apple shaped (______) obesity
android
Apple shaped (android) obesity More of the fat is stored around the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, with increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure
abdomen
Apple shaped (android) obesity More of the fat is stored around the abdomen, with increased risk of \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. More common in \_\_\_.
heart disease, high blood pressure, men
Pear-shaped obesity (______)
gynoid
Pear-shaped obesity (gynoid)
More fat is stored around the ___ and ____.
Pear-shaped obesity is more common in ______, and is related to storing fat for pregnancy and nursing
hips,thighs, women
Caloric restriction alone is not sufficient to achieve ____-____ weight loss
Dieters can become discouraged once weight loss slows or plateaus,
One can get bored with the diet
Some dieters discontinue due to constant hunger
Using special foods is expensive
Long-term,
Low Caloric Diets (Restricted Calorie)
These diets are reduced in calories, but are balanced nutritionally
Weight loss is not dramatic ( _-__% of pre-diet weight)
5,10
Low _________ Diets
These diets tend to be high in protein, high in fat
Carbohydrate
Low Carbohydrate Diets
These diets tend to be high in protein, high in fat
Comparable amounts of weight are lost on the low-carbohydrate diets compared to low-__ diets
fat
___ - _________: These reduce intake of breads of breads, rice, pasta, potatoes, sweets, snack foods, and, depending on the plan, vegetables and fruits.
Low-carbohyrate
This type of diet restricts ___ intake and increases intake of complex carbohydrates.
fat
Very low-fat diets can reverse some build-up of ______ related to heart disease
plaque
Those who both ___ and _______ showed the greatest ability to maintain long-term weight loss
diet, exercise
Those who both diet and exercise showed the greatest ability to maintain long-term weight loss
Physical activity was very effective if engaged in - times per week
3,5
Sensible Weight Management Suggestions are to: -Think \_\_\_\_\_, rather than just weight -Eat only when \_\_\_\_\_\_ and don’t overeat -Eat only \_\_\_\_\_ foods - \_\_\_\_\_\_ - Limit \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, beware of cues that trigger \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ eating - Do not engage in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ eating (due to stress, boredom, anger, loneliness, etc)
health, hungry, healthy,exercise, snacking, mindless, emotional
One pound of body fat contains approx. _____ calories
3500
One pound of body fat contains approx. 3500 calories
Create a daily deficit of ___ calories to lose _ pound per week
500, 1
One pound of body fat contains approx. 3500 calories
Create a daily deficit of 500 calories to lose 1 pound per week
The deficit can be accomplished by burning 500 calories more per day in ________ or decreasing daily ______ intake by 500 calories
Another way to accomplish the 500 calorie deficit is by decreasing daily intake by ____ calories plus burning ____ calories more per day in exercise
exercise, caloric, 250, 250
Healthy _____ need to be adopted
Counselling and hypnosis help patients understand their unhealthy eating behaviours
Person-to-person contact was very effective
habits,
___________
- Amphetamine-like products or fat-absorption blockers are used
- These products should not be used alone without lifestyle modifications
- increases calorie burning but it is not healthy.
Medication
Gastric Surgery
Some techniques reduce the ______ of the stomach to cause the patient to feel full after eating a small amount of food
Gastric _______ surgery is done to both restrict the size of the stomach and bypass the area of the small intestine where most of the energy-yielding calories are absorbed
volume, bypass
_______
fat is removed from the body under suction
This procedure is most often performed for cosmetic reasons
liposuction
