Lecture 6: Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders Flashcards
If serum values of Ca2+ and PO4 are moving in the same direction (i.e., both ↓) this tell you that the problem is related to what?
Vitamin D
If calcium is high, but PTH is low, what are some of the underlying causes you need to investigate?
- Malignancy + Metastasis + Lymphoma
- Granulomatous disease
- Drugs
- Multiple myeloma
- Vit D intoxication
Polyuria + dehydration + renal impairment are associated with (chronic or acute) development of hypercalcemia?
Acute
Which medication should be used in a patient with chronic hypercalcemia who has developed HTN?
Loop diuretics —> ↓ serum [Ca2+] and ↓ BP
If you suspect a vitamin D deficiency in a patient with ↓ Ca2+ and ↓ PO4, which form of vitamin D should you order a test for, why?
- 25-OH Vitamin D = the storage form; important to check how depleted the pt is
- 1,25-OH Vit D the active form should also be checked
What’s the formula for corrected calcium when albumin is low?
Cacorrected= measured Ca2+ + 0.8 (4.0 - serum albumin)
What would you expect the serum and urine calcium levels to be like in someone who is bed ridden and has normal kidney function?
- Serum levels will likely be normal
- Urine levels will be elevated = hypercalciuria
- Due to ↑ osteoclast activity causing ↑ Ca2+ in blood and suppression of PTH from the high Ca2+ –> normal renal function maintains homeostasis
What is responsible for the hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D to 1,25-OH vitamin D?
PTH
What is a peripheral vs. central DEXA scan used for?
- Central: used for larger bones like the spine or hips
- Peripheral: used for screening ONLY: wrist, heel, leg, fingers
Which “T score” on a DEXA scan is considered indicative of osteoporosis?
T score < -2.5
What is the recommended type of calcium supplement for replacing the calcium in someone with hypocalcemia/osteoporosis; what if they have low stomach acid?
- Calcium Carbonate (recommended)
- Calcium citrate if LOW stomach acid
What EKG finding is indicative of hypercalcemia vs. hypocalcemia?
- Hypercalcemia = shortened QT interval –> reflects accelerated repolarization
- Hypocalcemia = prolonged QT interval
What are the actions of 1,25-OH-vit D on the bone, kidney, and gut?
- Bone = ↑ Ca2+ resorption; stimulate osteoclasts
- Kidney = ↑ Ca2+ and PO4 reabsorption
- Gut = ↑ Ca2+ and PO4 absorption
↑ TSH and ↑ T4 would be indicative of what underlying condition?
TSH producing tumor
What are 2 opthalmic findings assoc. w/ hyperthyroidism?
- Lid lag
- Exophthalmos
What is often the only thing needed for the diagnosis of Graves disease?
History and PE