Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology 1 - Cell, Tissue, Inflammation > Lecture 6: Systemic Features of Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Systemic Features of Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates temperature/fever?

A

Preoptic area of hypothalamus (autonomic nervous system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does a higher temperature do in fever?

A

Enhance metabolism of neutrophils / inflammatory cell function, kill bacteria (?), increase phagocytosis (?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is nonpyrogenic hyperthermia?

A

Regulatory set point unchanged; physiologic mechanisms can’t dissipate heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes nonpyrogenic hyperthermia?

A

Heat stroke (temperatures), increased head production, exercise/seizure/metabolic disorders, malfunctioning regulatory center (CNS lesion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is pyrogenic hyperthermia?

A

Change in thermoregulatory set-point in hypothalamus

Macrophages stimulated to release IL-1, TNF, IL-6 (endogenous pyrogens) –> local production of PG in hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are examples of pyrogens?

A

Toxins from bacteria, inflammation, immune response, cancer, some pharmacologic agents, viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is thought to be a life-threatening fever?

A

Above 105.8 F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adverse effects of fever:

A

Inactivity, anorexia, discomfort, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does acetaminophen do?

A

Block COX-3

  • Reduce fever centrally in hypothalamus
  • Inhibit central pain signals in brain

Works faster than ibuprofen for fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does ibuprofen do?

A
  • Decrease inflammation, and therefore pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes lymphadenitis?

A

Inflammatory mediators, debris, infectious organisms draining into nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

Inflammation of lymphatic channels; characterized by red streaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are acute phase proteins?

A

Proteins that appear in plasma early in inflammation; not normally present, or present in low amounts.

IL-1, TNF, and IL-6 increase production of these in the LIVER.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some examples of acute phase proteins.

A

Fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, C3, haptoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is C-reactive protein?

A

Bind to cell surfaces to increase binding of complement proteins/bacteria

  • activate alternative pathway
  • indicate chronic inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What inhibits inflammatory reaction?

A

alpha1-antitrypsin

17
Q

What is serum amyloid A (SAA)?

A

Acute phase protein, may be involved in secondary amyloidosis (chronic diseases)

18
Q

What is increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

Red cells fall more quickly with settling of blood in inflammation
- presence of increased fibrinogen

Indicator of chronic inflammatory disease (like lupus)

19
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Increases in leukocytes (primarily neutrophils) in infection (primarily bacterial, sometimes infarction)

20
Q

What are reasons for leukocytosis?

A
  • Marginated cells are stimulated by IL-1, TNF, IL-6 (and IL-8)
  • Increase in synthesis (CSF)
  • Early release from marrow (immature - bands)
21
Q

Lymphocytosis is seen in _______

A

viral infections

22
Q

Leukocytosis is a _____ fold increase usually seen in _____ hours

A

2-3; 72

23
Q

What is the numerical mark for leukocytosis?

A

Total white count > 10,000

Neutrophils > 80% (8000)

Increase in bands (

24
Q

What does an increase in eosinophils look like and mean?

A

Allergies/parasites

> 5% of differential count or >500 per microliter

25
Q

What increases eosinophils?

A

IL-5 (Th1 response with increased IgE due to IL-4)

26
Q

What hypersensitivity is associated with eosinophils?

A

Type I

Collect at sites due to chemokines from mast cells along with histamine

27
Q

What are examples of pathology that is systemic inflammation?

A

Septic shock, SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome), vascular leak syndrome, DIC, anaphylaxis

28
Q

How is inflammation resolved?

A
  • Apoptosis of neutrophils
  • Anti-inflammatory mediators
  • Removal of debris
29
Q

What are some anti-inflammatory mediators?

A

Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, acute phase reactants

30
Q

3 outcomes for inflammation:

A
  • complete resolution
  • healing and regeneration
  • chronic inflammation
31
Q

What continues inflammation in the chronic state?

A

Macrophages - continue to stimulate immune response, especially with persistent antigen

32
Q

What causes fibrosis?

A

Fibroblasts from chronic macrophage activation; collagen formation and cross-linking

Scar tissue

Pathology 1 - Cell, Tissue, Inflammation (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions