Lecture 6 Positive energy Balance and Exercise

Question 1

What is the abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health called?

Answer 1

Obesity and Overweight as defined by WHO

Question 2

A BMI of >=30

Answer 2

BMI

Question 2

a BMI of >=25

Answer 2

Overweight

Question 3

What are some contributing factors to obesity?

Answer 3

Environment (Diet, lack of physical activity)
Genetics

Question 4

A hormone secreted by adipose tissue, produced by the Ob gene and plays a role in long term energy balance. Blood levels reflect TF stores in adipose tissue. They bind to receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus (satiety)

Answer 4

Leptin
- people who are obese usually have high leptin levels

Question 5

Hormone that suppresses the appetite, increases metabolic rate (via SNS), and inhibits the release of Neuropeptide Y.

Answer 5

Leptin

Question 6

A hormone that increases appetite and decreases SNS effects on metabolic rate

Answer 6

Neuropeptide Y

Question 7

A specialised connective tissue that serves as lipid storage cells. It is greatly influenced by food take and activity levels

Answer 7

Adipocytes (Fat cells) - 25030 billion cells in normal adult
- genetics influence where it is located
- they increase by hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 8

Adipocytes mostly increase during…..

Answer 8

Childhood
- Hypertrophy
0-1 up to 25%
1-6 up to 75%
6-13 no change
13+ 100% fully mature

• Hyperplasia (cell number)
  0-1 3x birth level
  1-10 gradual increase
  10-20 rapid increase

Up to 260 billion in morbidly obese adults

Question 9

What happens to the fat cells when weight loss occurs?

Answer 9

• decrease cell size (hypertrophy)
• DO NOT LOSE NUMBERS

Question 10

What are some of the influences on early fat gain and risk factors for obesity?

Answer 10

• maternal weight gain in pregnancy
• Gestational diabetes (babies with higher fat mass at birth)
• Breastfeeding and slow exposure to solid food (Decreases baby fat mass)
• If a child has high fat mask, he/she has a 3x risk of being fat as a adult
• If parents are obese, also 3x risk as a adult

Question 11

When creating a negative energy balance, diet is more effective for producing __________ deficit and ________ ________.

Answer 11

Caloric deficit and weight loss

Question 12

With regards to energy expenditure and weight loss, consistency is the most important factor. Does resistance training have high or low energy expenditure?

Answer 12

Low

Question 13

Does Endurance training have high or low energy expenditure?

Answer 13

High

Question 13

What is the recommended energy expenditure?

Answer 13

• 1250jK (300kcal) per session x 3 sessions per week = 3750 kJ (900kcal)
• 1kg of body fat has 32, 760 kJ energy
• results in weight loss of 1kg every 8-9 weeks