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Biochem > Lecture 6- Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

approximately what is the percentage of water in the body?

A

60%

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2
Q

What are the energy contents of carbohydrates, proteins, fat and alcohol?

A

Carbs- 4 kcal/gram
Protein- 4 kcal/gram
Fat- 9 kcal/gram
Alcohol 7 kcal/gram

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3
Q

1 kcal is equal to how many kilojoules?

A

4.2 kj

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4
Q

Vitamines facilitate energy release. T/F

A

True

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5
Q

What are the 13 organic vitamins, separate water soluble and fat soluble.

A

Water soluble- B1,2,3,5,6,7,9,12, C

Fat soluble- A, D, E, K

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6
Q

What is the over/under for being considered a “major” mineral?

A

100 mg/day

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7
Q

What is EER?

A

Estimated Energy Requirement; average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain an energy balance in a healthy adult

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8
Q

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR); details and % of daily energy

A

Energy expended in a resting, post absorptive state
Energy required for normal body functions
50-70% of daily energy expenditure
(Basal Metabolic Rate- BMR)

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9
Q

Thermic Effect of Food; what is it and % energy it uses per day

A

Production of heat during the digestion and absorption of food.
5-10% to total daily energy expenditure

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10
Q

Physical Activity; what is it and % of daily energy

A

Muscular activity

A sedentary person requires about 30-50% more than the resting caloric requirement

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11
Q

What are the Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) for adults?

A

45-65% Carbohydrates
20-35% Fat
10-35% Protein

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12
Q

Undernutrition can lead to what effect in the mouth?

A

Bleeding gums

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13
Q

What is the goal for nutrient density in foods?

A

High density; most nutrients for the least calories

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14
Q

With limited research; which diet seems to decrease some of the leading causes of death?

A

Vegetarian

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15
Q

What diet led to the lowest BMI?

A

Vegan

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16
Q

What major Vitamin is lacking in many vegetarian diets?

A

Vitamin B12

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17
Q

Some key features to food labels

A

Calories are in kcal
% of daily value based on 2000 kcal/day intake
Ingredients listed in descending order by weight
A “9” in front = organic

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18
Q

Are vitamins essential or nonessential molecules?

A

Essential;

They can only be obtained from the diet

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19
Q

What is the only fat soluble vitamin with a coenzyme function?

A

Vitamin K

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20
Q

What type of vitamins are released, absorbed and transported with the fat of the diet?

A

Fat soluble vitamins;

significant quantities stored in the liver and adipose tissue

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21
Q

T/F; The more vitamins you take, the better the effects get

A

False; There is an optimum amount to be reached and beyond that is detrimental

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22
Q

What is the name of vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

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23
Q

What easily destroys Thiamine (B1)?

A

Heat

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24
Q

What is the name of vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

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25
Q

What easily destroys Riboflavin (B2)?

A

UV light

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26
Q

What is the name of vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

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27
Q

What is the name of vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic Acid

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28
Q

What easily destroys Pantothenic acid (B5)?

A

Food Processing

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29
Q

What is the name of vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

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30
Q

What easily destroys Pyridoxine (B6)?

A

Heat

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31
Q

What is the name of vitamin B7?

A

Biotin

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32
Q

What is the name of vitamin B9?

A

Folic Acid

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33
Q

What easily destroys Folic Acid (B9)?

A

Heat and Oxygen

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34
Q

What is the name of vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

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35
Q

What easily destroys Cobalamin (B12)?

A

Microwave

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36
Q

What easily destroys Vitamin C?

A

Heat and Oxygen

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37
Q

What coenzyme is Thiamine a part of?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP); E1 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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38
Q

What are Thiamine (B1) deficiencies?

A

Beriberi- affects nervous system or cardiovascular system (polished rice is primary component of diet)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome- apathy, loss of memory (chronic alcoholism)

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39
Q

Where does Riboflavin (B2) serve as a coenzyme?

A 
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
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40
Q

Riboflavin (B2) deficiencies?

A

Cheilosis- fissuring at corners of the mouth

Glossitis- tongue appearing smooth and purplish

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41
Q

What are the coenzyme forms of Niacin (B3)?

A

NAD and NADP

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42
Q

Deficiencies of Niacin (B3)?

A

Pellagra- disease of the skin, GI tract and CNS

*symptoms: Dermatitis, Diarrhea and Dementia (3Ds)

43
Q

What is Pantothenic acid (B5) a part of?

A

Part of coenzyme A

44
Q

Pantothenic acid (B5) deficiencies?

A

not well characterized in humans

45
Q

What are the three forms of Pyridoxine (B6) and what is it a precursor of?

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

precursor of the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

46
Q

PLP is used in the synthesis of ….?

A

Catecholamines; dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

47
Q

What is the only water soluble vitamin with significant toxicity?

A

Pyridoxine (B6)

48
Q

What are pyridoxine (B6) deficiencies?

A 
Scaly dermititis
anemia
depression
confusion
convulsions
49
Q

Where is Biotin (B7) used?

A

part of a coenzyme used in carboxylation rxns;

ex: biotin coenzyme in acetyl CoA carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis of acetyl CoA to Malonyl-CoA

50
Q

Biotin (B7) deficiencies?

A

Rare

51
Q

Where is Folic acid (B9) found?

A

primary coenzyme form is Tetrahydrofolate (THF);

*used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation

52
Q

Folic acid (B9) deficiencies?

A 
Anemia
Spina bifida (spinal chord outside of column) and anencephaly (incorrect brain formation)
*probably most common vitamin deficiency in U.S. (especially among pregnant women and alcoholics)
53
Q

Where is Cobalamin (B12) used?

A

Used in new cell synthesis

54
Q

Cobalamin (B12) deficiencies?

A

Pernicious anemia

55
Q

What is needed for Cobalamin (B12) to be absorbed?

A

Intrinsic Factor (IF) in the intestine must bind to it so it can be absorbed from the lumen of the gut

56
Q

What is another name for Vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

57
Q

What are some functions of Vitamin C?

A

Aids in collagen synthesis (hydroxylation)
Antioxidant
Strengthens resistance to infection
Helps in iron absorption

58
Q

Vitamin C deficiencies?

A

Scurvy

59
Q

What are some symptoms of Scurvy in the mouth?

A

Sore and spongy gums

Loose teeth

60
Q

What is Vitamin A a collective term for?

A

Retinoids

Carotenoids

61
Q

Vitamin A functions…

A

Vision
Reproduction
Maintenance of epithelial tissue
Bone and tooth growth

62
Q

Vitamin A deficiencies

A

Night blindness
Xerophthalmia- dry eyes, lack of tear production
Keratomalacia- softening of the cornea

63
Q

Another name for Vitamin D?

A

Calciferol

64
Q

Functions of Vitamin D?

A

Mineralization of bone

65
Q

What vitamin is synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight?

A

Vitamin D

66
Q

Vitamin D deficiencies?

A

Rickets (children)- inadequate calcification resulting in mishhapen bones
Osteomalacia (adults)- poor bone mineralization
Osteoperosis (adults)- Loss of calcium (results in fractures)

67
Q

Another name for Vitamin E?

A

Tocopherols

68
Q

Functions of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant

69
Q

Vitamin E deficiencies?

A

Red blood cell breakage

Nerve damage

70
Q

Another name for Vitamin K?

A

Phylloquinone and

Menaquinone

71
Q

Functions of Vitamin K?

A

Synthesis of blood clotting proteins

Synthesis of bone proteins

72
Q

Vitamin K deficiencies?

A

Hemorrhaging

73
Q

What are the Major minerals?

A 
Ca
P
K
Na
Cl
Mg
S
74
Q

Are minerals indestructable? Y/N

A

Yes

75
Q

Functions of Sodium

A

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance

Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

76
Q

Sodium deficiencies

A

muscle cramps
mental apathy
loss of appetite

77
Q

Functions of Calcium

A

Mineralization of bone and teeth

Muscle contraction and relaxation

78
Q

Calcium deficiencies

A 
Stunted growth in children
Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults
79
Q

Functions of Phosphorus

A

Mineralization of bones and teeth

Important in genetic material

80
Q

Phosphorus deficiencies

A

Muscular weakness

bone pain

81
Q

What trace mineral reduces dental caries by 50-70%?

A

Fluoride

82
Q

A lack of this trace mineral results in anemia

A

Iron

83
Q

These trace minerals are essential for the management of sugar metabolism

A

Zn
Cr
Mn

84
Q

This trace mineral is a component of thyroid hormones; its absence can lead to a Goiter

A

Iodine

85
Q

What % of body fat is FAT?

A

87%

86
Q

1 kg is equal to how many pounds?

A

2.2 lbs

87
Q

1 meter is equal to how many inches?

A

39 inches

88
Q

What is the equation to calculate BMI?

A

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight (kg)/ height (m)^2

89
Q

What are the BMI ranges?

A

BMI 40 = Extreme obesity

90
Q

What are the % of body fat that men and women want to be under, respectively?

A

young men: 22%, over 40: 25%

young women: 32%, over 40: 35%

91
Q

What are the two types of fat distributions and which is bad?

A

Visceral fat- upper body fat –> leads to heart disease; BAD

Subcutaneous fat- hips and thighs; harmless

92
Q

What are three main health risks associated with body weight and body fat?

A

Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes- Type II
Cancer

93
Q

When does fat cell development occur?

A

When energy in exceeds energy out

94
Q

when energy out exceeds energy in, fat cell size decreases, or the number of fat cells decreases?

A

Fat cell size decreases;

there is no change in cell number

95
Q

What enzyme aids in efficient storage of triglycerides from the blood into adipose tissue and muscle cells?

A

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

96
Q

Which is the opposite of Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase (HPL); acts to release triglycerides from storage for use

97
Q

After weight loss activity, does lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity increase or decrease?

A

increases;

making regain of weight relatively easy

98
Q

What protein does the obesity gene, ob, code for?

A

Leptin

99
Q

What is the opposite of Leptin?

A

Ghrelin

100
Q

What does Leptin do?

A

Suppresses appetite

Increases energy expenditure

101
Q

Do most obese people have a Leptin deficiency or a Leptin resistance?

A

Leptin resistance

obese people have actually been found to have more leptin

102
Q

This protein is found more in lean people and inhibits inflammation and protects against insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease

A

Adiponectin

103
Q

What are the 3 main eating disorders? Describe them

A

Anorexia nervosa- intense fear of gaining weight
Bulimia nervosa- episodic binge eating followed by purging and/or fasting and excessive exercise
Binge eating- constantly binge eating with little or no purging of diet

Biochem (8 decks)

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