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Head and neck > Lecture 6- Introduction to neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Introduction to neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Cerebellum
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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • The peripheral nervous system refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
  • It includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions
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3
Q

motor neurone

A

Motor neurons (motoneurons) carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body

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4
Q

sensory neurone

A

Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system.

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5
Q

Interneurons

A

connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

what is the forebrain

A
  • consists of everything on top of the brainstem. Can be divided into the cerebrum and the diencephalon (hypothalamus, thalamus- deep structures)
    • Grey matter
    • Cortex
    • Sulci and gyri
    • Fissures
    • White matter
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7
Q
  • Brainstem
A

consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla

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8
Q
  • Cerebellum
A

found just behind the brainstem

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9
Q

forebrain is in charge of

A

conscious awareness

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10
Q

cerebral hemispheres and cortex

A
  • Grey matter (cortex of cerebrum)
    • High density of cell bodies
    • Folded into sulci (dip)and gyrae (ridge)
    • Fissures deep sulci
      • Longitudinal (separates 2 hemispheres)-
      • Lateral fissure (sylvian)
        • Not as deep as longitudinal
  • White matter
    • Density packed axons of the neurones- white due to myelination
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11
Q

white and grey matter in the spinal cord

A

more white matter than grey matter- on the periphery intead of central

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12
Q

Certain gyri, sulci and fissures separates hemisphere into lobes

  • 4 key lobes
A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
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13
Q

mid saggital view of the brain

A
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14
Q

longitudinal fissure

A
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15
Q

zoom in to the see the brain stem and more internal brain structures

A
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16
Q

why is orientation terminology neuroanatomy different to the rest of the body

A

orientation terminology of neuroanatomy is described as if humans (like other animals such as fish and lizards) have a straight CNS

In such animals the terms “rostral”, “caudal”, “ventral” and “dorsal” mean respectively towards the rostrum, towards the tail, towards the belly and towards the back.

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17
Q

neuroais is felxed at the level of the

A

midline 9flexure

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18
Q

meaning that anterior means

A

ventral

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19
Q

posterior means

A

dorsal

20
Q

superior means

A

rostral (think nostril)

21
Q

inferior means

A

caudal

22
Q

the brainstem is in charge of

A

primitive neurological functions

23
Q

function of the midbrain

A
  • Eye movement
  • Reflexes on pupils in response to light
24
Q

The pons

A
  • Feeding centre (trigeminal nerve)
  • Sleep centre
25
Q

Medulla oblongata​

A
  • Cardiovascular centre
  • Respiratory centre
26
Q

pairs of cranial nerves leave the brainstem

A
27
Q

frontal lobe function

A
  • violuntary motor control
  • speech production
  • social behaviour
  • impulse control
  • higher cognition, thinking
  • sexual urgers
28
Q

temporal lobe function

A
  • language
  • emotion
  • long term memory
  • sense of smell
  • hearing
  • taste
29
Q

parietal lobe function

A

somatosensory percpetion

spatial awareness

30
Q

occipital lobe function

A

visual perception

31
Q

cerebellum function

A

co-ordination and motor learning

32
Q

pre-central gyrus

A

in the frontal lobe= primary motor cortex

33
Q

the primary motor cortex

A

Motor cortex has the fundamental function to control voluntary movements, including integration of motor commands with the ongoing somatic sensory state of the body.

34
Q

post-central gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

35
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex

A

each region is highly connected to other areas of the brain, allowing the somatosensory cortex to have numerous functions, including representation of the body, tactile attention, sensorimotor integration, and the processing of painful stimuli, empathy, and emotion.

36
Q

infeiror view of hemisphere

A
  • Uncus found in the temporal lobes
    • Olfactory information
37
Q

uncus and rise in intracranial pressure

A
  • When there is a rise in pressure in the skull the uncus can herniate- uncal herniation
    • Risk 3rd cranial nerve (oculomotor)- dysfunction and clinical signs and symptoms
38
Q

Primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrae) and primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrae)

A
39
Q

topographical representation of the body

A
  • Head and neck- more lateral
  • Arm and leg- near the longitudinal sulcus
40
Q
A
41
Q
  • The primary motor cortex in one hemisphere, is responsible for motor control in the ……………side of the body
A

contralateral (the other side)

  • Paths must cross at the level of the medulla
42
Q

spinal nerve shave

A

uni-cortical control (supply one side of the body)

43
Q

outline the cortical relationship between the primary motor corex and the spinal nerves

A

Pathways connecting primary motor cortex (on one side) with spinal nerves controlling the limbs (on one side)

  • Decussate (cross) to the opposite side of the level of the lower medulla
  • Cortical control of limb movement is from one primary motor cortex, which is contralateral
44
Q

cranial nerves cortical control

A

cranial nerve have dual cortical control

45
Q

dual cortical control of the cranial nerves

A
  • Cranial nerves are also contralateral- but decussate at the pons instead of the medulla (at the motor nuclei it will synapse at)
  • While there is contralateral primary motor cortex involvement, there is also input from the ipsilateral motor cortex (most cranial nerves have input) (we don’t see this with spinal nerves, just cranial nerves)

(contralateral will always have dominant control- ipsilateral only comes into control when something happens to the dominant contralateral pathway e.g. stroke)

46
Q

corpus callosum

A

that ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other.

47
Q

lateral ventricles

A

The right and left lateral ventricles are structures within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, watery fluid that provides cushioning for the brain while also helping to circulate nutrients and remove waste.

Head and neck (51 decks)

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