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PATH201 lectures > Lecture 6 - inflammation > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammation

A

Eliminating injured tissue & infectious agents and repairing tissue damage

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2
Q

What causes redness in acute inflammation

A

vasodilation - caused by histamine and prostaglandin

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3
Q

What causes swelling in acute inflammation

A

Increased vascular permeability - caused by histamine and leukotrienes

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4
Q

What causes heat in acute inflammation

A

Vasodilation - caused by histamine and prostaglandin

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5
Q

What causes pain in acute inflammation

A

Tissue damage - caused by prostaglandin and bradykinin

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6
Q

What causes loss of function in acute inflammation

A

Tissue damage - caused by ROS, NO, lysosomal enzymes

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7
Q

Describe purulent (suppurative) pattern of inflammation

A

Pus production (neutrophils)
Pyogenic organisms (tissue necrosis and liquefaction)
Abscess localised collection of pus

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8
Q

Describe serous pattern of inflammation

A

Fluid-rich, cell-poor exudate (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)

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9
Q

Describe fibrinous pattern of inflammation

A

Fibrinogen-rich exudate and fibrin deposition (pericardium, peritoneum)

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10
Q

What are the steps in acute inflammation

A

Recognition (PRR, vascular changes)
Recruitment (leukocytes)
Removal (killing and degradation - ROS/NO, phagocytosis)
Resolution (‘turning off’)

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11
Q

Describe macrophages roles in recognition

A

In tissue - phagocytic and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines - damage/pathogen response (IL1-Beta and TNF-alpha)

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12
Q

Describe mast cells roles in recognition

A

tissue resident - numerous granules (chemical mediators - histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandin) - mediates vascular changes, pain
Mast cells survive degranulation

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13
Q

Describe Pattern Recognition Receptors in recognition

A

DAMPs -> proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta)
PAMPs -> chemical mediators

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14
Q

How is recognition measured

A

Increased temp
acute phase proteins
Increased neutrophils in blood

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15
Q

Describe neutrophils role in recruitment

A

Large granular cells - recruited into tissue in response to proinflammatory cytokines -> phagocytic (40-70% of WBC)

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16
Q

Describe monocytes role in recruitment

A

Produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (2-10% of peripheral blood)

17
Q

What is involved in removal

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Nitric Oxide (NO)
Complement pathways (Classical, lectin and alternate) - mediates opsonisation and agglutination
Lysis - MAC (release of contents)
Inflammation - increased adhesion to endothelium

18
Q

What is opsonisation and agglutination

A

Opsonisation - complement binds to microbes
Agglutination - microbes stuck together by complement

19
Q

Describe chemical mediators role in resolution

A

Short 1/2 life - destroyed by degradative enzymes

20
Q

Describe neutrophils role in resolution

A

Short lifespan in blood - die and are phagocytosed

21
Q

Describe activated macrophages role in resolution

A

Secretes IL-10 that down regulates macrophage response

22
Q

What is osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone

23
Q

What are the phases of osteomyelitis

A

Neutrophils attracted to site
Spread to periosteum
subperiosteal abscess - impaired blood supply -> necrosis
Dead bone -> released into sinus tract

24
Q

What are the features of chronic inflammation

A

Inflammatory cell infiltrate
Tissue destruction
Connective tissue deposition

25
Q

What WBC are involved in chronic inflammation

A

B cell -> antibody secretion - trigger inflammation
Mast cell accumulate - secrete vasoactive and pro-inflammatory mediators
eosinophils contribute to initiation and modulation of inflammation

26
Q

What makes up a granulomatous inflammation

A

Necrotic centre (if pathogen)
Surrounded by macrophages and epithelioid cells
Surrounded by lymphocytes
Epithelioid cells fuse to form large giant cells (types of macrophages)

27
Q

What are granulomatous inflammation

A

Attempt to contain offending agent

28
Q

What conditions are associated with granulomatous inflammation

A

Infectious diseases (TB, leprosy, brucellosis, syphilis, mycotic infections)
Autoimmunity/inflammation (sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease)

PATH201 lectures (15 decks)

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