Lecture 6- Exam 2 Flashcards
What is a spiral microbe?
Trepanoma palladium
What are the different characteristics of Trepanoma palladium?
TREPONEMA PALLADIUM:
* What is the morphology?
* What surrounds the perplasmic flagella?
* Causes what?
* What type of pathogen?
* What does it have numerous of?
- Helically coiled, corkscrew shaped cells
- Outer membrane which surrounds the periplasmic flagella
- Causes syphilis
- Highly invasive pathogen
- Has numerous sequelae if not treated including infertility
What are the four stages caused for treponema palladium?
- Primary: sore or multiple sores
- Secondary: skin rashes, multiple locations including palms of hands, feet
- Latent: there are no visible signs or symptoms, you can have syphilis in your body for years
- Tertiary: most people do not develop this (occurs 10- 30 years after infection), but if it happen it can affect many different organ systems and damage them
Label the stages and the number of days after exposure
- Mycoplasma are what shape? What are they missing?
- Where are they placed?
- Mycoplasmas are spherical to filamentous cells with no cell walls
- Placed in a separate class Mollicutes, evolved from gram positive bacteria
Mycoplasma:
* What type of organism?
* _ _ of the hyman respiratory and urogenital tracts
* What is complex about them?
- Smallest, self replicating organism, prokaryote
- Surface parasites of human resp. and urogenital tracts
- Nutritional requirements are complex and they are dependent on a parasitic mode of life
- Mycoplasma is an attachment organelle where?
- What does this allow?
- What is pneumonia?
- Attachment organelle at the tip of the filamentous M. penumoniae and other pathogenic mycoplasmas
- Allows attachment to the respiratory epithelium
- Pneumonia is induced by local immunologic and phagocytic responses to the bacteria
How many cell membranes do mycoplasma have?
3 but NO CELL WALL
MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE:
* What is type of pneumonia?
* Discovered when?
* Effects what?
* Most common cause of what?
- Atypical pneumonia- a term used to describe pneumonias different from the typical lobar pneumonia caused by pneumococci (strep).
- Discovered in 1962
- Effects humans with upper respiratory illness and bronchopneumonia
- Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia in 5-10 years old (40% of cases), 10- 15% in adults
What would we see in an chest Xray with pneumoniae?
Chlamydia:
* What is the morphology?
* What does it need to do to replicate?
* What does it not do well? What do we need to do to help?
- Gram negative obligate intracellular bacterium
- It needs to infect and enter a host cell to be able to replicate
- Does not gram stain well, so does better with a Giemsa stain which reveals the cytoplasmic inclusions with reticulate bodies (replicating forms of chlamydia)
Chlamydia:
* How many serotypes?
* What are the two groups?
Has 15 serotypes
* Serotypes A-C are transmitted through secretions of the eyes, nose, or throat and can cause chlamydial conjunctivitis
* Serotypes D-K are typically transmitted via sexual contact and cause the STI chlamydia
Sexually transmitted chlamydia is usually what?
usually an asymptomatic infection, but if symptoms are present then the patients experience mucopurulent discharge, dysuria, pain
- Most often chlamydia affects what?
- If spreads higher into the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries it can cause what?
- Most often chlamydia affects the lower genital tract causing vulvovaginitis and cervicitis
- If spreads higher into the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries it can cause PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) which can cause infertility if untreated
Explain the chalmydia life cycle
- Attachment: Elementary body attaches to specific receptor
- Entry: Parasite mediated endocytosis
- Differentation to reticulate body
- Multiplication of reticulate bodies
- Differentiation back to elementary bodies
- Release elementary bodies to adjacent cells
Coxiella:
* What type of microbe?
* What is coxiella burnetiid? What type of diease is it?
- Obligate intracellular, pleomorphic gram negative rod-shaped bacteria
- Coxiella burnetiid is the causative agent of Q fever
- Zoonotic disease seen mostly in people who work with farm animals
Coxiella:
* Most cases remain what? What about the others?
* If not treated, what can happen?
- Most cases remain asymptomatic, the symptomatic patients commonly develop a febrile illness
- If not treated can become a chronic infection affecting multiple organs, including the heart, bones, and lungs
COXIELLA
- What is q-fever?
- Animals spread germs when?
- Wind can carry what?
Rickettsia:
* What is the morphology?
* Diverse collection of what? Where are they found?
* Rickettsia species causes what?
* What and how does it infect?
- Small gram negative bacilli that are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells
- Diverse collection of obligately intracellular gram negative bacteria found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers, and mammals
- Rickettsia species cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever – transmitted by the bite of an infected tick or mite
- Portal of entry into the skin, then spread via bloodstream to infect the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells
Explain the cycle of rickettsia
Pseudomonas:
* What type of morphology?
* Produces what?
* How many species?
* Has cell evelope similar to what? But what is different?
- Gram negative rod, aerobe, motile with 1-3 flagella
- Produces a fruity odor, has fluorescence under UV radiation
- 140 species
- Has cell envelope similar to other gram negative organisms- but the lipopolysaccharide membrane is less toxic. However produces many toxins to increase its virulence
Pseudomonas:
* What type of bacterium? Where is it found?
* Causes what?
* What group of people are chronically colonized?
- Free living bacterium found in most moist environments. Commonly inhabit soil, water, and vegetation
- Seldom causes disease in healthy individuals, but major threat to hospitalized patients – underlying conditions such as cancer, burns, and cystic fibrosis
- Most cystic fibrosis patients are chronically colonized with pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Most CF patients ultimately die of localized P aeruginosa infections
What two microbes account for approximately 80% of pseudomonads infections?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and pseudomonas maltophilia
What organism is this?
Pseudomonas
STREPTOMYCES:
* Characterized as what?
* Includes how many species? Where?
* Grow as what?
* Streptomycetes produce what?
* Streptomycetes are infrequent pathogens, though infections in humans, such as mycetoma, can be caused by what?
- Gram + aerobic bacteria
- Includes more than 500 species occurring in soil and water
- Grow as mycelium of branching hyphal filaments and reproduce by spending u specialized aerial branches which form spores
- Produce over two thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin
- Infrequent pathogens, though infections in humans such as mycetoma, can be caused by caused by S. somaliensis and S. sudanensis
Bordatella:
* what is the morphology?
* Contains what? What does this cause?
* What has prevented incidence and mortality?
* Produces what?
- Small, gram negative, strict aerobic, coccobacilli
- Contains the species B pertussis and B parapertussis which causes pertussis (whooping cough) in humans
- Immunization has prevented incidence and mortality
- Mainly an infection of infants and children
- Produces a number of virulence factors – pertussis toxins
Pasteurella:
* What is an example?
* What is the morphology?
* How many isolated groups? What are most human caused?
* Most common mode of infection is what? When does it develop?
- Pasteurella multocida
- Gram negative coccobacillus, non-motile,
facultative anaerobe - 5 commonly isolated groups – A, B, D, E, and F
- Most humans caused by serogroups A and D
- Most common mode of infection is via animal bite or scratch
- Rapid course and develops within 24 hours of injury
