Lecture 6 - Creativity Fix Flashcards
Paddison quote
“It is in those places in which economic restructuring is the more pressing task— areas which have sustained substantial erosion of their inherited economic base— that the repositioning of place becomes the more urgent”
Who states: “It is in those places in which economic restructuring is the more pressing task— areas which have sustained substantial erosion of their inherited economic base— that the repositioning of place becomes the more urgent”
Paddison, 1999
Driving forces of/for urban re-positioning
- Reduced fiscal support from national governments following crisis of Fordism-‐ Keynesianism
- Landscapes and communities destabilised by factories relocating or shutting down
What is deindustrialisation
When industries move away
Fiscal issues of populations leaving a place
Councils collect less money
What do governments often do in a fiscal deficit
Cut spending
Where was there a negative multiplier effect
Detroit
What happened in Detroit
Negative multiplier effect
Recession in Detroit
Recession after the 2008 financial crisis- they went bankrupt
How many people left Detroit
200,000-300,000
What did the amount of people leaving Detroit result in
A negative multiplier effect
What was impacted in Detroit
Property prices
What has happened to cities after industrialisation
- Governments now act like businesses and generate ‘profits’
- Cities have become more entrepreneurial as a result of industrialisation because they want to recreate themselves and maintain the old standards of living
What is managerialism
Local governments provided social services and implement national policies…
What is entrepreneurialism
Local governments behave more like business agents in a bid to expand the local tax base and jumpstart economic rejuvenation
What is destination branding
Cities become more aware of themselves
Investors are attracted
Example of successful destination branding
Amsterdam
Three aspects of ‘entrepreneurialism’
From ‘government’ to ‘governance’
Speculative in execution & design
Multi‐scalar rather than territorially-confined
Approach of the government
Territorial, concerned with only administrative borders. Primary approach is rational planning & provision of social services, desired outcome is socioeconomic stability
Governance
Public collaborations with private actors (e.g. big-‐box supermarkets, advertising agencies, profession training institutes) who may not be based within the same administrative borders
What is the desired out come of governance
Profits for businesses
What do local governments assume
- Greater financial risks in attempt to ‘stand out’
- Take on short-‐termist outlooks
- No guarantees of success
What was desirable after WW2
Approaches based on rationality - everything kept under control under the state (as long as they follow a particular protocol)
What kind of development do we now have
Governance development – local governments (the public institutions e.g. councils) are expected to be in collaborations with private actors – form partnerships to drive the economy forward (local governments acting more like entrepreneurs)
When do urban governance ‘jump scale’
When they connect with transnational firms, markets and/or governments
Why having a ‘brand’ is important
- Familiarity
- Increase visitor numbers
- Investments
- Consumption
What can be used to generate returns
Branding - creates concrete financial returns
Advertisement in London
London – main primary city of UK yet still runs advertisement campaigns
Increased visitors = increased profits = increased investments (e.g. hotels, infrastructure)
Harvey quote
‘How many successful convention centres, sports stadia, disney-‐worlds, harbour places and spectacular shopping malls can there be?’
Who stated ‘How many successful convention centres, sports stadia, disney-‐worlds, harbour places and spectacular shopping malls can there be?’
Harvey 1989
Economic implications as cities compete
- Increased uncertainty as more cities seek to outdo one another
- Enabled and now sustained by short-‐ term contract jobs
- Local government’s investments vulnerable to economic ‘shocks’
What is zero-tolerance policing
Punishing even the slightest misconduct (e.g. drinking in public, dropping litter, even loitering)
What is the policy of punishing even the slightest misconduct (e.g. drinking in public, dropping litter, even loitering)
Zero-tolerance policing
What is the aim of zero-tolerance policing
‘Crime’ prevention? Or social behavioural engineering?
When is there a higher chance of success in zero-tolerance policing
When there is more talent and more technology and tolerance
What did Richard Florida come up with
The ‘creative class’ and ‘creative cities’ thesis
Who came up with the ‘creative class’ and ‘creative cities’ thesis
Richard Florida
What drives growth in the ‘new economy’ according to Richard Florida
The 3 Ts:
Technology
Talent
Tolerance
What is tolerance within the 3 Ts
Lower barriers between social groups (e.g. race, sexuality) e.g. San Francisco
What is the ranking system that Richard Florida set up
Lleague tables of cities that are considered to be creative and forward moving
What are hard strategies
Building theatres, coffeeshops, gyms, and enhancing inner-‐city infrastructure - making the inner city more desirable
Logic behind hard strategies
‘Creatives’ don’t like suburbs, enjoy being flexible & enjoy being fit
What are SoW strategies
- Cultural events like music or movie festivals
- Info-‐sharing opportunities for networking (e.g. working conferences, product fairs, etc.)
Logic behind SoW strategies
‘Creatives’ need regular stimulation, & these come from places that are ‘happening’
What is adopted within cities by policy makers throughout the world
The idea of ‘creativity’
Critique of ‘creativity’ to develop cities
- Broad - lacks individualism
- No guarantee of being successful
- Emphasis on the already privileged people (limited jobs are classed as creative)
Why is it an issue that limited jobs are classed as creative
Will lose sight of other job sectors
How ‘creativity’ cuts across other developments
Perpetuates uneven development as ‘winner’ cities move ahead & draw in more ‘creatives’, while smaller competitors try with little results to show
2014 creative map - examples
Brighton - video + film, music
Cardiff - fashion
How investors use creativity
Investors want to go to places that we well known for doing certain things
Places not included in creativity index
Cities that perform well economically need not rank high on the ‘creativity index’
Is creativity positively correlated to GDP growth - example
NY - creativity index of 0.937 and in the top 10 areas of GDP growth
What is venture capital
Venture capital (VC) is a type of private equity, a form of financing that is provided by firms or funds to small, early-stage, emerging firms that are deemed to have high growth potential, or which have demonstrated high growth (in terms of number of employees, annual revenue, or both).
Link between creativity and growth
Venture capital deals – not fully correlated; some cities have correlation e.g. San Francisco
Cities can have huge growth but not be creative
Why is the ‘creative cities’ thesis still so widely‐adopted?
No alternative
How is there a loophole in the creative cities thesis
Cities still try imitating others (potential reward is great)
