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Histology Lecture 6: Connective Tissue > Lecture 6: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Tissue?

A
  • Plentiful extracellular matrix surrounding scattered cells
  • (Connective Tissue is one of the 4 types of basic tissues [others are epithelium, muscle, and nervous])
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2
Q

4 types of connective tissue?

A

1) Blood
2) Supportive Connective Tissue (cartilage and bone)
3) Adipose Tissue
4) Connective Tissue Proper

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3
Q

6 Functions of Connective Tissue?

A

1) Support
2) Packing
3) Diffusion Medium
4) Defense
6) Storage

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4
Q

How does connective tissue function as a Diffusion Medium?

A
  1. Nutrients pass from capillaries to tissues via connective tissue (can be a filter)
  2. Metabolites pass from tissues back to capillaries
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5
Q

How does connective tissue function for defense?

A
  1. Bacteriostatic (stops movement of bacteria w/in tissues)
  2. Inflammatory responses (battleground for body’s defense system)
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6
Q

2 major components of Connective Tissue Proper?

A
  1. Expanded Extracellular Matrix (broth and noodles)
  2. Resident Cells (chicken)
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7
Q

3 major components of the Expanded Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?

A
  1. Amorphous Intracellular Ground Substance (broth)
  2. Adhesive Glycoproteins
  3. Fibers (noodles)
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8
Q

What is Amorphous Intracellular Ground Substance in general?

A
  • colorless semi-fluid gell
  • fills spaces between cells and fibers
  • indistinguishable with light microscopy
  • Contain proteoglycans and glycoprotens
  • capacity to retain a large amount of tissue fluid
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9
Q

What does Amorphous Intracellular Ground Substance contain?

A
  1. Proteoglycan monomer
  2. GAGs
  3. Cations (Na+, K+, Ca++)
  4. Hyaluronic acid
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10
Q

What is a proteoglycan momomer in ECM?

A

single polypeptide with covalently attached GAGs

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11
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and what are their functions in ECM?

A
  • chains of repeated disacharides
  • one sugar is uronic acid, and other is amino sugar
  • many amino sugars sulfated (strong - charge)
  • bind cations (Na+, K+, Ca++) and water to make ground substance hydrated and viscous
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12
Q

What is Hyaluronic acid and what is its function in ECM?

A
  • single very long GAG chain
  • non-covalently binds proteoglycan monomers to form proteoglycan aggregate
  • aggregate occupies large space in ECM, binds collagen fibers to maintain integrity of ECM gel
  • Hyaluronidase released by some bacteria, breaks down ECM
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13
Q

What are Adhesive Glycoproteins’ general function in ECM?

A
  • Important in Binding ECM fibers and cells together
  • Present in relatively small amounts
  • Have wide distribution
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14
Q

What makes up the Adhesive Glycoprotein part of ECM?

A
  1. Fibronectin
  2. Laminin
  3. Integrins
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15
Q

What is Fibronectin and what is its function in ECM?

A
  • large multifunctional protein
  • Domains(distinct polypeptide regions) of fibronectin are recognition sites for cell surface receptors, GAGs, and collagens
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16
Q

What is Laminin and what is its function in ECM?

A
  • adhesive glycoprotein present in basal laminae
  • 3 molecules twisted around eachother
  • contains sites for binding integrins, proteoglycans, and collagens
  • recognition of laminin by cell surface integrins binds cells to basal laminae (crosslinker)
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17
Q

What are integrins and what are their functions in ECM?

A
  • transmembrane proteins, are cell surface receptors for fibronectin and other ECM components
  • bind to basal laminae
  • their cytoplasmic domain links to the cytoskeleton and several enzymes
  • Enzyme locations and activities regulate cellular behaviors
  • Metastatic movements of cancer cells depend on these integrins and interactions with adhesive glycoproteins. Cell movements through basal laminae and along ECM fibers
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18
Q

What are Fibers in ECM?

A
  • elongated, formed extracellular protein structures
  • 4 types: collagen, reticular fibers, basal lanimae, and elastic fibers
19
Q

What is collagen and what is its function in ECM generally?

A
  • Long thin protein-containing extracellular fibers stain blue with triple stain, and pink with H&E
  • form chief proteins in bone, tendon, and skin
  • Collagenase synthesized by many tumor cells and bacteria, inc invasiveness in CT
20
Q

Most abundant collagens in ECM?

A

Types I, II, III, and IV

21
Q

What is type I collagen and where is it found?

A
  • regular or irregularly arranged bundles and layers in dense CT
  • have high tensile strength
  • do not stretch, tough to break
  • synthesized by the fibroblast
  • found in dermis, fascia, bone, ligaments and tendons
22
Q

What does type II collagen form and where?

A
  • Fibrils (not fibers) in hyaline and elastic cartilage
23
Q

What does Type III collagen form and where?

A
  • form reticular fibers
  • found in skin, blood vessels, glands, lymphoid tissues
24
Q

Where is type IV collagen found?

A
  • basal and exterminal laminae of epithelia, muscle, fat and nerve tissues
25
Q

What does extracellular processing of collagen include?

A
  • proteolysis of end peptides
  • spontaneous assembly of fibrils of tropocollagen
  • enzymatic crosslinking of tropocollagen by lysine oxidase
26
Q

What is the order of parts (smallest to largest) that make up collagen?

A
  1. Fibrils: are regular arrays of long tropocollagen molecules. bind with eachother and other ECM proteins to form:
  2. Collagen Fibers
  3. Collagen bundles
27
Q

What are Reticular Fibers made of and where are they found in ECM?

A
  • Contain type III collagen fibrils and glycoproteins
  • thin fibers stained by silver stains
  • lie beneath basal lamina and surround muscle and other cells
  • support and bind cells
28
Q

What does the Basal Laminae consist of and what is its function?

A
  • contain collagen type IV (doesn’t assemble into fibrils, assemble into an open network that is 2D scaffold for assembly of other proteins into basal laminae)
  • support all epithelia and in external laminae surrounding muscle fibers and Schwann cells
  • along with the underlying reticular lamina, make up the Basement membrane
29
Q

What do Elastic Fibers contain and what is their function in ECM?

A
  • highly refractile
  • branch and contain protein, elastin (gives them their elasticity
  • stain yellow-orange with triple stain
30
Q

What does Elastin contain and what is its function?

A
  • contain many hydrophobic amino acids
  • when stretched, avoid aqueous environment, and fold back when tension is released (elasticity)
31
Q

What are the 3 resident cells (non-motile) of Connective Tissue Proper?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Mast cells
  3. Fat cells (store fat)
32
Q

What do Fibroblasts do in ECM?

A
  • most common cell
  • involved in synthesis of CT fibers and ground substance
  • structural function
33
Q

What do Mast Cells do in ECM?

A
  • secretes pharmacologically potent mediators when stimulated (histamine and heparin)
  • important in allergic responses (defense function)
  • resemble blood basophil in structure
34
Q

What are the 4 Immigrant Cells of Connective Tissue Proper?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Plasma Cells
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Other blood cells (lymphocytes, eosiniphils [stain intense red])
35
Q

What are Macrophages’ role in ECM?

A
  • arise from blood monocytes
  • involved in phagocytosis, play critical role in immunity (defense)
36
Q

What does phagocytosis involve?

A
  • involves extension of cytoplasmic projections
  • surround a target, incorporate it into a vesicle that fuses with granules and lysosomes containing lytic enzymes
37
Q

What are Plasma Cells’ role in ECM?

A
  • Found in subepithelial connective tissue
  • derived from B-lymphocytes
  • produce antibodies (immunologic function)
38
Q

What are Neutrophil’s role in ECM?

A
  • other phagocytic cell of the immune system (defense function)
  • most numerous
  • most important cellular component of innate immune response
39
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of Irregularly Arranged Adult Connective Tissue Proper?

A
  1. Loose Connective Tissue (ex. areolar)
  2. Dense Connective Tissue
  3. Special Connective Tissue
40
Q

What is the most widely distributed irregularly arranged connective tissue?

A

Loose Connective Tissue

(more cells, less fibers)

41
Q

Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found?

A
  • found in organ capsules, dermis of skin, joint capsules, and aponeuroses
  • (more fibers[thicker], less cells)
42
Q

What are the two types of Special Irregular Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Adipose (loose CT, fat cells predominate)
  2. Reticular (reticular fibers abundant)
43
Q

What is a well organized (fibers arranged in same direction) type of connective tissue where fibers predominate, and where is it found?

A
  • Regularly Arranged Dense Connective Tissue
  • found in tendons and ligaments

Histology Lecture 6: Connective Tissue (1 decks)

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