Lecture 6: Common Paediatric illnesses Flashcards
Summarise the NZ nutrition guidelines: how should baby be eating 0-12 months
Breast feeding until ~6months, from when solid food can also be offered from 4 food groups : greens, carbs, dairy, protein: To start weaning
Gradually an increase in texture, variety, flavour and amount of food until baby is eating with the family at around 12 months. (breast feeding still until this time)
Why is it nutrition very important from 0-18months
This time has major effects on brain growth, nervous system, overall growth and development and future child health.
What is enteral feeding
Entire feeding by milk: breast or formula.
Why is breast feeding more important- what does it contain that has higher rate of growth in first 6mo
Provides optimum nutrition for infants: antimicrobial factors, growth factors, anti-inflammatory factors, hormones, nucleotides for gut maturation, polysaturated fats needed for retina/brain development and promotes jaw and teeth development
Why is it important not to introduce solid food before 4 months
- changes baby eating behaviour from sucking to chewing
- Low amount of pancreatic enzyme
- swallow reflex isn’t developed until 9-12 weeks
- low gut maturity so can cause bleeding and not proper absorption
Why is GI maturation important in infants and when it fails what are some common illnesses
Neonatal gut barrier function to help immature immune system.
Dysfunction leads to feeding intolerance, poor absorption, diarrhoea and poor growth
What is Lactose intolerance caused by and what does it cause
Lack/decreased lactase enzyme converts lactose from milk into glucose and galactose.
Causes flatulence, abdominal distension, diarrhoea, poor weight gain.
What causes food allergy
IgE mediated allergic reactions causing rash, difficulty breathing, vomiting diarrhoea.
What are some common dietary restrictions by parental choice and concern around that
Vegetarian, Vegan and Macrobiotic diets (foods based on yin and yang).
Concern is reduced protein, energy, vitamin and cofactor intake.
What are some common vitamin/cofactor deficiencies for vegan/vegetarian children due to lower quality/ less bioavailable plant sources
Vitamin D found in egg, milk products so deficiency can cause rickets, osteoporosis, CNS/psychological issues.
Vitamin B12 not high quality plant sources. Deficiency causes megoblastic anaemia and long term neurological problems.
Iron has less bioavailable sources in plant sources - associated with lower IQ and reduced immune function
What is the relationship between sleep and development for baby/toddlers
In early brain development they do mostly REM sleep.
GF is secreted in sleep. Less sleep damages brains.
What are the factors that affect the likelihood of getting sick for child
- Immune system: less developed in baby, weaker blood brain barriers
- Nutritional status
- Genetics
- Social : (exposure to others/environment eg. overcrowding, daycare)
- Smoking
What are the three main classes of disease that more affect babies especially growth and development
GI disease: chronic/acute in bowels or stomach - lead to poor growth
Respiratory disease:
can be born with chronic or acquire lung infections eg pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma which are prolonged or recurrent due to reduced immune/ barrier function
Heart disease: due to genetic defects leads to inadequate nutrition pumped by heart.
Why is hearing important in children
- Needed for speech and language development which can impact academic performance
- communication problems lead to social isolation and poor self esteem.
What is otitis media caused by and what does it cause
It a viral or bacterial infection causing inflammation and pus formation which when recurrent can lead to hearing loss
