Lecture 6: Clean up Flashcards
What is anticipation
a performer can organize movements in advance
How does anticipation effect reaction time
decreases the delay in reaction time by preselecting movements. This removes some time in the response selection stage.
What are the 2 types of anticipation
spatial
temporal
What is spatial anticipation
predict what is going to happen before a signal is presented
What is temporal anticipation
predict when a signal will happen or predicting the time-course of a sequence of events
What is the double stimulation paradigm
A research design in which two different stimuli presented close together in time and the separate reactions are measured
What is the inter-stimulus interval /
Stimulus onset asynchrony
The time interval that separates the two stimuli
can range from zero to a few hundred milliseconds
Which reaction time will be slower when two stimuli are presented
the second reaction time
What is the psychological refractory period
a decreased delay in the second reaction time as the time between two stimuli increases
What happens when the interstimulus interval is shorter than 50 ms.
The two stimuli are processed at the exact same time
What makes a fake in sports effective
- must appear realistic
- fake and intentional movement have to be 60-100 ms apart
- the athlete must do a fake infrequently (or else they will be anticipated)
What is the bottleneck effect
one response has to be organized in the response selection phase until the second response can be organized. By that time the first response has moved to the movement programming stage and the second movement is delayed.
Define arousal
level of activation of the central nervous system
- on a continuum
Define anxiety
A person’s distress of uneasiness about future uncertainties
define perceptual narrowing
constriction of attentional focus that occurs as arousal levels increase (can devote more attention to the relevant task/stimulus)
What is cue utilization hypothesis
Optimal arousal level is one that produces attentional focus, narrow enough to exclude irrelevant cues, yet broad enough to pick up the most important ones.
- explains why there is error when arousal is too high or too low.
What does the arousal and performance relationship look like
the inverted U principle
What 3 things must be considered to identify the optimal level of arousal for skilled performance
Person
Task
Environment
When looking to identify optimal arousal levels for performance, what are you considering about the PERSON
trait anxiety
individual zone of optimal functioning
individual affect-related performance
Define trait anxiety
a person’s general disposition to perceive situations as threatening
- more susceptible to further increase in arousal
What is individual zone of optimal functioning
the range of optimal arousal levels associated with a person’s maximum performance
what is the individual affect-related performance zone
the emotional reaction of individual performers in various competitive situations
When looking to identify optimal arousal levels for performance, what are you considering about the TASK
different tasks will require different amounts of arousal (piano playing vs. boxing)
is it fine or gross
is it motor or cognitive
When looking to identify optimal arousal levels for performance, what are you considering about the ENVIRONMENT
If the perception of environmental demands exceeds the person’s capability to meet those demands, increased anxiety (and arousal) will result.
- is the environment unpredictable
Define attention
concentration of mental effort
When looking at attention as a resource, what 3 things are considered
- it is limited
- it is serial in nature
- there is a finite amount available
How is attention limited
only a certain amount of information-processing capacity exists. too much can lead to inattention blindness
How is attention serial in nature
we focus on one thing at a time
- the more complex a primary task is, the poorer the performance of a secondary task
What is short term sensory store memory (STSS)
stores sensory information. holds the stimuli long enough (a few seconds) to select what is important to be further processed in short term memory
What is short term/working memory
temporary holding place for information (1sec - 1min). information is lost unless sustained attention is given to it
What is chunking
a way to organize information into larger units. It increases the amount of information that can be active in working memory
What is long term memory
- limitless capacity
- declarative knowledge (cognitive)
- procedural knowledge (motor)
What is declarative knowledge
episodic: personal experiences
semantic: facts, concepts of skills
What is procedural knowledge
knowing how to perform a task
