Lecture 6: Clean up

Question 1

What is anticipation

Answer 1

a performer can organize movements in advance

Question 2

How does anticipation effect reaction time

Answer 2

decreases the delay in reaction time by preselecting movements. This removes some time in the response selection stage.

Question 3

What are the 2 types of anticipation

Answer 3

spatial

temporal

Question 4

What is spatial anticipation

Answer 4

predict what is going to happen before a signal is presented

Question 5

What is temporal anticipation

Answer 5

predict when a signal will happen or predicting the time-course of a sequence of events

Question 6

What is the double stimulation paradigm

Answer 6

A research design in which two different stimuli presented close together in time and the separate reactions are measured

Question 7

What is the inter-stimulus interval /

Stimulus onset asynchrony

Answer 7

The time interval that separates the two stimuli

can range from zero to a few hundred milliseconds

Question 8

Which reaction time will be slower when two stimuli are presented

Answer 8

the second reaction time

Question 9

What is the psychological refractory period

Answer 9

a decreased delay in the second reaction time as the time between two stimuli increases

Question 10

What happens when the interstimulus interval is shorter than 50 ms.

Answer 10

The two stimuli are processed at the exact same time

Question 11

What makes a fake in sports effective

Answer 11

• must appear realistic
• fake and intentional movement have to be 60-100 ms apart
• the athlete must do a fake infrequently (or else they will be anticipated)

Question 12

What is the bottleneck effect

Answer 12

one response has to be organized in the response selection phase until the second response can be organized. By that time the first response has moved to the movement programming stage and the second movement is delayed.

Question 13

Define arousal

Answer 13

level of activation of the central nervous system

- on a continuum

Question 14

Define anxiety

Answer 14

A person’s distress of uneasiness about future uncertainties

Question 15

define perceptual narrowing

Answer 15

constriction of attentional focus that occurs as arousal levels increase (can devote more attention to the relevant task/stimulus)

Question 16

What is cue utilization hypothesis

Answer 16

Optimal arousal level is one that produces attentional focus, narrow enough to exclude irrelevant cues, yet broad enough to pick up the most important ones.
- explains why there is error when arousal is too high or too low.

Question 17

What does the arousal and performance relationship look like

Answer 17

the inverted U principle

Question 18

What 3 things must be considered to identify the optimal level of arousal for skilled performance

Answer 18

Person
Task
Environment

Question 19

When looking to identify optimal arousal levels for performance, what are you considering about the PERSON

Answer 19

trait anxiety
individual zone of optimal functioning
individual affect-related performance

Question 20

Define trait anxiety

Answer 20

a person’s general disposition to perceive situations as threatening
- more susceptible to further increase in arousal

Question 21

What is individual zone of optimal functioning

Answer 21

the range of optimal arousal levels associated with a person’s maximum performance

Question 22

what is the individual affect-related performance zone

Answer 22

the emotional reaction of individual performers in various competitive situations

Question 23

When looking to identify optimal arousal levels for performance, what are you considering about the TASK

Answer 23

different tasks will require different amounts of arousal (piano playing vs. boxing)
is it fine or gross
is it motor or cognitive

Question 24

When looking to identify optimal arousal levels for performance, what are you considering about the ENVIRONMENT

Answer 24

If the perception of environmental demands exceeds the person’s capability to meet those demands, increased anxiety (and arousal) will result.
- is the environment unpredictable

Question 25

Define attention

Answer 25

concentration of mental effort

Question 26

When looking at attention as a resource, what 3 things are considered

Answer 26

• it is limited
• it is serial in nature
• there is a finite amount available

Question 27

How is attention limited

Answer 27

only a certain amount of information-processing capacity exists. too much can lead to inattention blindness

Question 28

How is attention serial in nature

Answer 28

we focus on one thing at a time

- the more complex a primary task is, the poorer the performance of a secondary task

Question 29

What is short term sensory store memory (STSS)

Answer 29

stores sensory information. holds the stimuli long enough (a few seconds) to select what is important to be further processed in short term memory

Question 30

What is short term/working memory

Answer 30

temporary holding place for information (1sec - 1min). information is lost unless sustained attention is given to it

Question 31

What is chunking

Answer 31

a way to organize information into larger units. It increases the amount of information that can be active in working memory

Question 32

What is long term memory

Answer 32

• limitless capacity
• declarative knowledge (cognitive)
• procedural knowledge (motor)

Question 33

What is declarative knowledge

Answer 33

episodic: personal experiences
semantic: facts, concepts of skills

Question 34

What is procedural knowledge

Answer 34

knowing how to perform a task