Lecture 6-animal movements

Question 1

3 types of animal movements

Answer 1

Local- relatively small scale within a home range or territory
Migration- movement back and forth on a regular basis (eg. seasonal)
Dispersal- Movement from the place of birth to the site of reproduction (one way)

Question 2

Difference between homerange and territory?

Answer 2

Homerange is an area that an indivudual uses normally during some specified time period.
A territory is a subset of homerange that the individual, pair, pack actively defends against competition to maintain exculsive ownership of the resource.

Question 3

What are some characteristics of a territory?

Answer 3

• Permanent or seasonal
• Used to defend food, mating or breeding sites
• Defendable resources
• Territory size

Question 4

How is optimal territory size determined?

Answer 4

When the Difference between the benefits and costs of defending the territory is maximized

Question 5

What is dispersal?

Answer 5

One-way movement associated with immigration and emmigration

Question 6

What is migration?

Answer 6

Occurs repeatedly for a single individual as a “round trip”. involves moving to a new area as an adaption to temporal changes in environmental factors

Question 7

7 types of migration:

Answer 7

Complete
Latitudinal
Altitudinal
Nomadic
Reproductive
Irruptive
Partial

Question 8

Complete migration

Answer 8

breeding range and non breeding range do not overlap- neotropical migrant birds

Question 9

Latitudinal Migration

Answer 9

North/South migration (seasonality) -Many birds, mule deer

Question 10

Altitudinal Migration

Answer 10

Up/Down movement (elevation) -American dipper, Bighorn sheep

Question 11

Nomadic Migration

Answer 11

Between sites that provide resources ( unpredictable) Barren ground caribou

Question 12

Reproductive Migration

Answer 12

Breeding sites, safer from predators, bighorn sheep, rocky mountain elk

Question 13

Irruptive Migration

Answer 13

Requires extreme changes in prey (varies in frequency, distance , and numbers migrating) Snowy owl, grey owl

Question 14

Partial Migration

Answer 14

Breeding and non-breeding ranges can overlap for some individuals in the pop (Red tailed hawks, golden eagles)

Question 15

What makes managing migratory species difficult?

Answer 15

1. More than one area to protect
2. Uncertainty about which sites are most important to suvival/reproduction
3. Crossing political borders, changes in laws and mgmt

Question 16

Why is dispersal important? what determines who is dispersing?

Answer 16

• gene flow
• prevents inbreeding
• Age (younger) or Sex (birds= F>M, Mammals=M>F)

Question 17

What are two main types of dispersal?

Answer 17

Innate-Hardwired genetics

Environmental- Based on habitat conditions