Lecture 6/7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Gene Flow (Migration)?

A

The flow of individuals of the same species from one population into another

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2
Q

What can Gene Flow do?

A

Alter allelic frequencies
Introduce New Genetic Variation

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3
Q

What happens to two populations that maintain a lot of gene flow?

A

They will become more genetically similar over time.

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4
Q

What does speciation require?

A

Maintaining no gene flow between populations

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5
Q

What are Phylogenetic Trees?

A

Depict evolutionary relationships between different taxa and are based on common ancestry

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6
Q

How are species more closely related?

A

If they have a more recent common ancestor

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7
Q

What do Phylogenetic trees help us to understand?

A
  • How closely related taxa are (evolutionary history)
  • Understand trait evolution - why two taxa may be similar/share traits
  • Useful tool for tracking emergent diseases
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8
Q

How are Phylogenetic Trees Drawn

A
  • Blocks vs Diagonal Lines
  • Horizontal vs Vertical
  • Relative time vs absolute time
  • Extant species only vs including extinct species
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9
Q

What could you use to construct an evolutionary tree?

A
  • Any heritable features of your taxa
  • Historically morphological and behavioural traits
  • Molecular traits (genetics, proteins, sequences)
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10
Q

What is a Sister Taxa?

A

Closest relatives of one another on the displayed tree

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11
Q

What is an Outgroup?

A

Most distantly related taxa to other terminal nodes on the tree

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12
Q

What is a Monophyletic Clade?

A

A common ancestor and all of its descendants (keeping everything/able to cut it off from its branch)

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13
Q

What is not a Clade?

A

Common ancestor and a subset of its descendants

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14
Q

What should you do when asked to compare the relatedness between two different pairs of taxa:

A
  • Find the most recent common ancestor
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15
Q

What can traits help us understand?

A

Trait Evolution (where a new trait may have evolved from)

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16
Q

What is Convergent Evolution/Homoplasy?

A

When two or more taxa independently evolve the same trait

17
Q

When does homology occur?

A

When two (or more) taxa share the same trait because they both inherited it from a shared ancestor

18
Q

What can we use trait data for?

A

To estimate which tree is most likely

19
Q

What is parsimony?

A

Trees that require fewer evolutionary changes are more likely