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biochem > lecture 6+7 > Flashcards

lecture 6+7 Flashcards

1
Q

mitochondrial proton gradient

A

proton-motive force- potential energy for ATP synthesis

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2
Q

electric transport chain & ATP synthesis

A

chemical potential ∆ph (inside alkaline)
->ATP synthesis driven by proton-motive force
-> electric potential ∆psi (inside negative)

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3
Q

electron transport and oxidation phosphorylation

A

capture the energy in the redox potential of NADH and FADH2

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4
Q

coupling depends on

A

-sequential redox reactions that pass electrons from NADH to O2
-the compartmentalization of these reactions in the mitochondrion
-the generation of a proton gradient from the above

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5
Q

energy from glucose

A

is used to produce ATP

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6
Q

2 ways ATP is produced

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

electron transport

A

electrons carried by reduced coenzymes are passed through a chain of proteins and coenzymes
-drives the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

the proton gradient runs downhill to drive the synthesis of ATP

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9
Q

electrons pass

A

from electron donors to acceptors

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10
Q

each subsequent electron acceptor

A

“wants” the electron more than the previous acceptor

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11
Q

E°’ = standard reduction potential

A

A measure of how easily a compound can be reduced

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12
Q

the more positive the standard reduction potential

A

the more the compound “wants” electrons

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13
Q

in the ETC

A

carrier function is in the order of increasing reduction potential

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14
Q

electrons move spontaneously

A

from carriers of low E°’ to carriers of higher E°’

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15
Q

electrons flow through

A

a series of membrane-bound carriers

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16
Q

four groups: complexes

A

includes integral and peripheral membrane proteins
use metal containing prosthetic groups or flavins to carry electrons

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17
Q

Ubiquinone

A

a lipid-soluble carrier molecule

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18
Q

Coenzyme Q/benzoquinone

A

lives in mitochondria membrane

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19
Q

isoprenoid side chain

A

hydrophobic anchor

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20
Q

for coenzyme Q to complete reduction it requires

A

2 electrons and 2 protons
(gets them from matrix)

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21
Q

Q shuttles electrons from

A

complex I and II to complex III

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22
Q

electron carrying groups

A

heme prosthetic groups(cytochromes), iron-sulfur groups(complexes I-III)

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23
Q

protein complex

A

includes FMN and Fe-S centers

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24
Q

electrons flow:

A

NADH - FMN
FMNH2-Fe3+
Fe3+-Fe2+

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25
Q

electrons ultimately

A

shuttled to Q

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26
Q

energy of electron transfer

A

used to pump 4 H+

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27
Q

complex 1

A

NADH -dehydrogenase

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28
Q

complex 2

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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29
Q

succinate + FAD

A

fumerate + FADH2

30
Q

Complex III:

A

Ubiquinone:Cytochrome C reductase

31
Q

electron flow

A

ubiquinone to cytochrome C

32
Q

oxidation of one QH2

A

moves 4+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane

33
Q

complex 4

A

uses the energy of reduction of O2 to pump one H+ into the intermembrane space for each electron that passed through

34
Q

4 Cyt C(red) +8 H+n +O2

A

4 Cyt C(oxi) +4 H+p + 2 H2O

35
Q

it takes 2 NADH and uses 4 H+

A

to reduce one O2

36
Q

for one pair of electrons

A

creates electrochemical gradient for protons to flow down and drive ATP synthesis

37
Q

NADH 10 H- pumped

A

3 ATP

38
Q

FADH2 6 H+ pumped

A

2 ATP

39
Q

ETC inhibitors

A

rotenone,antimycin A ,cyanide

40
Q

ATP synthase

A

protons move passively back into the matric through this. special transmembrane protein using electrochemical gradient

41
Q

Complex V (atp synthase)

A

a multisubunit transmembrane protein

42
Q

two functional units of atp synthase

A

F1 and F0

43
Q

F1

A

water-soluble peripheral membrane protein complex

44
Q

generates 1 ATP

A

for every 3 protons through the complex

45
Q

F0: transmembrane proton core

A

3 subunits:ab2c10-12

46
Q

b subunit

A

stabilizes F1

47
Q

C subunit

A

made up of small hydrophobic a-helices arranged in concentric circles

48
Q

what causes the rotation of the c subunit

A

protons flow through c pores

49
Q

F1 synthase structure

A

alternating alpa and beta subunits around a central gamma subunit

50
Q

one domain of gamma forms central shaft

A

second domain associates with beta subunits

51
Q

Three interacting catalytic beta subunits

A

each with a different conformational state

52
Q

beta-adp

A

not catalitically active, binds adp and p

53
Q

beta -atp

A

catalytically active, binds atp

54
Q

beta empty

A

low affinity for adp or atp

55
Q

free energy generated with proton movement is harnessed

A

to interconvert the conformation states to make and release ATP

56
Q

conformational changes are

A

driven by the rotation of the rotor(c and gamma subunits)
relative to the alpha beta subunits

57
Q

3H+

A

for every 120 turn

58
Q

conversion of beta-ADP to beta-ATP

A

synthesis of atp

59
Q

conversion of beta -ATP to beta-ADP

A

release of ATP

60
Q

when one beta subunit assumes beta empty

A

one neighbor assumes beta-adp
one neighbor assumes beta atp

61
Q

one complete rotation of gamma

A

causes each of beta to assume all 3 conformations
3 ATP FOR 360°

62
Q

actin filament “jumps” in 3 steps of 120 moves in one direction

A

supports 3-stage binding change model

63
Q

cellular respiration: the payoff

A

yield: an average of 3 atp per nadh; 2 ATP per FADH2

64
Q

anaerobic fermentation

A

only 2 ATP/glucose

65
Q

isolated mitochondria

A

O2 electrodes
buffer assayed for ATP

66
Q

need both a source of electrons(succinate) and ADP+P

A

to get respiration and atp synthesis

67
Q

what blocks atp synthesis

A

venturicidin & oligomycin H+ build up but soon energy to pump H+ against gradient exceeds energy of ETC

68
Q

uncouplers such as DNP can carry protons from P to N side

A

this dissipates the H+ gradient so etc begins again
thus can etc without ATP synthesis

69
Q

electron transport can be uncoupled from atp synthesis

A

2,4-dinitrophenol
very hydrophobic, dissociable proton
can carry H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane
(destroys H+ gradient)

70
Q

occurs in brown fat:

A

many mitochondria and cytochromes

71
Q

oxidation of NADH uncoupled from ATP synthesis

A

energy of ETC is released as heat (found in newborn mammals)

72
Q

pore protein called thermogenin

A

allows protons to flow down gradient and release as heat

biochem (9 decks)

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