Lecture 6 Flashcards
Question 1: Bottom-up attentional processes-
a) Are drawn by internal cues
b) Are driven by upper neural processes
c) Are subject to voluntary control
d) Are stimulus-drawn
e) Are task-relevant
e) Are task-relevant
external cues
not subject to voluntary cues
Question 2: Visual masking-
a) Occurs when a peripheral stimulus is presented alongside a number of distractors
b) Has the benefit of being slow enough to measure in brain imaging studies
c) Is an effect that is only present consciously, and there is no change in the visual cortex between conscious and unconscious stimuli
d) Occurs when a stimulus is crowded temporally by a distractor
e) Has the benefit of having the same conditions for conscious and unconscious stimuli
a) Occurs when a peripheral stimulus is presented alongside a number of distractors
Question 3: Binocular rivalry-
a) Presents different information to each eye
b) Is of a relatively long duration and can therefore be detected in brain imaging studies
c) Creates the effect of each stimuli oscillating between awareness
d) None of the above
e) All of the above
a) Presents different information to each eye
Question 4: The attentional blink-
a) Makes the assumption that attention and consciousness are intertwined
b) Can be detected in fMRI as it is a slow effect
c) Occurs even when the participants know the manipulation
d) Lasts for approximately 200-500 ms
e) All of a, c and d
e) All of a, c and d
Question 5: Three theories of consciousness are-
a) The Global Stage, Sensory Input Significance, and Re-entrant Processing
b) Feedback, Re-entrant Processing and Global Workspace
c) Local Workspace, The Roving Spotlight, and Sensory Feedback
d) Top-down, Bottom-up, and Integrated
e) Global Workspace, Re-entrant Processing , and The Roving Spotlight
b) Feedback, Re-entrant Processing and Global Workspace
Question 6: In studies of motion-induced blindness-
a) Conscious and unconscious conditions show no difference in the prefrontal cortex
b) Do not require central fixation
c) Produce predictable fluctuations in perception
d) Demonstrate no differences between individuals
e) None of the above
e) None of the above
- *Attention- mechanism that allows some information to be more thoroughly processed
- *Consciousness- contents of awareness
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Consciousness can be measured via signal detection tasks and alternative forced-choice tasks
• Inattentional amnesia poses a big problem- how do you know the participant didn’t attend to the stimulus but forget about it?
• Using Signal Detection Theory mathematics helps to reduce some error
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• Visual crowding- the visibility of a stimulus in the periphery is impaired because another stimulus crowds it
• Visual masking- the visibility of a stimulus is reduced because another stimulus is presented really close together temporally
• V1 through to V4 still fire for undetected stimuli, although to a much lesser extent than for those which are registered on a conscious level
o These both have the problem that different conditions are required for conscious and unconscious stimuli
o Masking is complicated by very brief periods of presentation and is unsuitable to measure in MRI
o Crowding tests present the problem of lesser vision in the periphery
o Detection vs identification?
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• Binocular rivalry presents a face to one eye and a place to another eye and the images are perceived as alternating, rather than overlapping. This effect can be seen in the FFA and the PPA.
• Motion-induced blindness asks a subject to fixate centrally. A stimulus can be made to come in and out of awareness by masking with a moving field.
o These both have the benefit of presenting a uniform stimulus
o They are of a long duration and can be measured in MRI
o Although there are differences between individuals
o And the researchers don’t have a way to know when the stimulus should be consciously processed
• Flash suppression presents an image to one eye and then flashes noisy stuff to the other eye and can supress the image for up to a minute
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• Inattentional and change blindnesses were spoken about in L4
o These apply to the real world
o IB only works in a single trial
o Confound fixation, attention and awareness
o Different stimuli for conscious and unconscious trials
o Inattentional amnesia?
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• Attentional blink- processing a target stops you from being able to process a second target for about 200-500ms. The effect is present in a number of brain areas.
o Occurs for a variety of stimuli
o True for central vision
o Occurs even if you know the manipulation
o Short time window, fast stimuli
o Assumes attention and consciousness are intertwined
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Theories of Consciousness
• Feedback- the information that is fed back is what is consciously perceived
• Re-entrant processing
• Global workspace
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