Lecture 6 Flashcards
Sex differences in cardiovascular disease
When does the male heart get bigger?
During puberty
Do woman have a higher or lower cardiac output/EF/heart frequency/blood pressure than man?
A lower cardiac output, a lower blood pressure and a higher heart frequency and EF
How are woman protected from CVD before menopause?
By estrogen
How does estrogen protect from CVD?
By giving a better LDL/HDL ratio, a higher insulin sensitivity and lower blood pressure
What is the difference in estrogen between males and females?
Females have more estrogen and more receptors
What has caused a lower mortality due to CVD?
Better medication and tools
Why do male stents not work as well in females?
The are too small for females
Why was CVD mainly researched in males?
It was mainly a male problem, woman have different CVD problems, their problems were underestimated and the cycle makes females harder to research
When are you considered to have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
When the septum is about 15 mm thick (in males)
Why is HCM recognised later in females?
The same conditions are used as in males, but since they have a smaller heart the ratio is different. Meaning they are usually diagnosed later/less/more severe
What is the difference in HCM cases between males and females?
Females have less HCM overall, usually happens when they are a bit older, but a higher class, there is also more fibrosis compared to males
What are the symptoms of a heart attack in males?
Chest and left arm pain
What are the symptoms of a heart attack in females?
Nausea, shortness of breath, tiredness, pain in the back, neck, jaw, chest and both arms
Why do woman have different symptoms of CVD?
They have longer plaques, less calcification and bleeding and more proliferation of the smooth muscle cells
In which vessels do the males and females usually have CV problems?
Males: big vessels
Females: small vessels
Which risk factors of CVD affect woman more?
Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, treating breast cancer and being pregnant
What could lead to the higher risk of CVD in woman?
Possibly the escape of X inactivation of some genes, which leads to stimulation of the immune system, thus more inflammation
Can hormone replacement therapy prevent CVD after menopause?
Yes, but only if the hormone replacement therapy is given before the actual menopause starts. Otherwise it does nothing for the risk of getting CVD
What risks are increased with hormone replacement therapy?
MI, thrombosis and breast cancer
Do trans people have an increased risk of getting CVD?
Trans man (female to male): no
Trans female: yes, a higher risk of thrombosis and CVD
