Lecture 6 Flashcards
Scientific integrity
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What is the scientific integrity?
The professional and ethical standards. All the stages of research.
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What is an a priori hypothesis?
A hypothesis that is formulated before the data is collected
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What is a posthoc hypothesis?
A hypothesis that is formulated after the results are in. Can only be used in a new study and indicate it clearly which hypothesis is which
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What is HARKing?
Hypothesizing after the results are known, posing a posthoc hypothesis as a priori. Leads to type 1 error (get an exploratory result)
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What do you need to have before you collect the data?
An analysis plan
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How can you make sure there is anonimous data when it had to be collected physically?
By labeling the data with a code that is linked to the person in a file and destroy it as soon as possible
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What needs to happen to mental and physical stress after the study is done?
It needs to go down to the level that it was before they participated in the study
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What is supposed to be done after the study is over?
The purpose and aim of the study has to be revealed to the participants
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Can incentives be used?
Yes, but they should lead to a form of persuasion
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Are there any ethical rules with regard to non-vertebrates?
No
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What ethics need to be taken into account in vertebrates?
Whether there is replacement possible? Reduction of the amount of animals? Minimize the pain (refinement)?
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What is data fabrication?
When the data is invented
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What is data falsification?
When the data or results are distorted
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What is p-hacking?
When there is a post-hoc alteration of data to make it allign with H0. Either by changing the outcome parameter, add/remove covariates, post hoc outlier, removal of a ubject of exclusion, failing to correct for multiple comparison, sequential analysis
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What is misinterpretation?
When you indirectly compare effects/ groups. Calculate a correlation of group A and B separately
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What is gift authorship?
The person has not written anything, eg by pharmaceutical company or kids
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What is ghost authorship?
When someone has contributed significantly, but is not mentioned
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What is salami-slicing?
When you only report measures/ tasks in that specific report but did one study to write multiple reports about.
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How can you spin the study?
By spining the methods, method beautification and selective reporting
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What is spining of methods?
When you make changes posthoc (eg objectives, variables, statistical techniques)
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What is method beautification?
When there was eg no double blinding but you say that there was
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What is selecive reporting?
When you only report the things that are in favout of the hypothesis and only report significant results
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What is a good journal?
When it has high impact research. Thus a high impact factor
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How is the impact factor determined?
By the frequency of which the articles are cited against the total of cited articles, publish non-citable items to highten it
