Lecture 6 Flashcards
Promoting Good Behaviour
What are the most successful anti-smoking ads about
Most successful anti-smoking ads are emotionally evocative and contain personalized stories
Educational Appeals
Provide general information; assume tat ppl will be motivated to improve health behaviour if they have the correct information
Message Framing: Gain-framed messages
- Focus on experiencing desirable consequences and/or avoiding negative ones
- Work best at motivating behaviours that serve to prevent or recover from illness or injury (ex. Condom use, performing physical therapy)
Message Framing: Loss framed messages
- Focus on experiencing undesirable consequences and/or avoiding positive ones
- Work best for behaviours that occur infrequently and serve to detect a health problem early (ex. Drinking and driving, mammograms)
Fear Appeals
Message framing that assumes instilling fear will lead to change
More persuasive if:
- Emphasize consequences
- Include personal testimonial
- Provide specific instructions
- Boost self-efficacy before urging ppl to change
Behavioural Methods of Supporting Good Health
Focus on helping people manage the antecedents and consequences of a behaviour
Cognitive Methods of Supporting Good Health
Focus on changin ppls thought processes
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Evidence-based psychotherapeutic intervention that promotes self-observation and self-monitoring to increase awareness and control of negative thoughts and harmful behaviours
- Goal: regulation of thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and behaviours through personal coping strategies
Lapse
An instance of backsliding which does not indicate failure
Relapse
Falling back to one’s original pattern of undesirable behaviour; common when ppl try to change long-term habits
Abstinence-Violation Effect
Experiencing a lapse can ruin one’s confidence in remaining abstinent and lead to a full relapse
Steps to Relapse Prevention
- Learn to identify high-risk situations by making a list of conditions that lead to lapses
- Acquire coping skills through training
- Practice coping skills in a high-risk situation under therapist supervision
Motivational Interviewing
- A one-on-one counselling style designed to help ppl explore and resolve their ambivalence in changing a behaviour
- Semi-directive, client-centred approach to counselling
2 key features:
1. Decisional balance: clients list reasons for and against changin behaviour; then discuss
2. Personalized feedback: clients receive info on their pattern of problem behaviour, comparisons w norms, and risks of behaviour
BASICS: harm reduction approach for college students
Program is conducted over 2 brief interviews:
1. Assessing risk of problem behaviours, obtaining commitment to monitor drinking between interviews
2. Providing personlized feedback, including comparison to norms, risks, and advice on how to drink safely
- This program was extremely effective at limiting # of days drunk and days of continuous drinking
Social Engineering
Changing the social environment in order to better support healthy behaviours (ex. Nutritional guidelines, seatbelt laws, school vaccine programs, racing alcohol to increase cost)
Harm Reduction Approach
- Aims to reduce the negative consequences of substance/drug use; and to treat people who use drugs w respect and dignity
In order to reduce/remove the effects of social stigma
To better motivate ppl to be healthy and contributing members of society - Example: safe consumption sites
Benefits of Insite: Supervised Drug Consumption Site
- Reductions in public injecting and syringe sharing
- Increases in the use of detox services and addiction treatment
- Drop in overdose deaths
- Drop in new cases of HIV
Addiction
A state of psychological or physical dependence on the use of drugs or other substances, such as alcohol, or on activities or behaviours such as gambling
Psychological Dependence
A state in which ppl feel compelled to use a substance for the effect it produces, without necessarily being physically dependent on it
Physical Dependence
When the body had adjusted to a substance and incorporated it into the “normal functioning” of the body’s tissues
Short term effect of alcohol
Reduced coordination
Diminished cog ability
Judgement
Aggression
Accidents
Long Term effects of alcohol
Liver damage
Cardiovascular disease
Various types of cancer
Depression
Alc use disorder
Alcohol Use Disorder
A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
INTRAPERSONAL high risk situations for relapse
Negative emotional states
Positive emotional states
Exposure to alcohol-related stimuli or cues
Non-specific cravings
INTERPERSONAL high risk situations for relapse
Situations involving other ppl, especially interpersonal conflict
Social pressure
Exposure to settings and situations that are cues
obseity
Having a very high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass, or BMI of 30 or higher; declared a disease by CMA in 2015
Obesity trends in Canada
In 2022 most (65% of canadian adults were classified as overweight (35%) or obese (30%)
Who is responsible for obesity? A systems approach!
Obesity is an end result of the intricate interactions of biology, behaviour and environment
Driven largely by environmental and lifestyle factors
Health Halo effect
- The tendency to judge an entire food item as healthier based on one or more narrow attributes that are perceived as healthy (ex. “Low calorie”, “organic” or “all-natural”)
- Individuals were more likely to make indulgent food choices when a healthy item is avail compared to when it is not (more likely to pick fries if they have the option of the salad bc it makes them think the fries are healthier)
Community factors in obesity
Lower SES
Lower % of college grads
Fewer grocery stores
Low satisfaction w safety and public transport
Reduced accessibility to sport facilities
Best diet option for dealing w obesity
Sustainable, balanced diet that provides optimal amounts of all essential nutrients for the body’s metabolic needs are best
weight stigma
A factor in both weight gain and poor health; stigma predicts mortality
healthy at every size approach
An alternative to the weight-centred/control approach that focuses on weight-neutral outcomes
Promotes size acceptance, end weight discrimination, and reduce the cultural obsession with weight loss and thinness
Sedentary behaviour
Any activity involving sitting, reclining or lying down that has v low energy expenditure
May be a distinct risk factor for premature death and adverse health independent of low physical activity
How much exercise do you need?
Adults should get 2 ½ house of moderate to vigorous physical activity each week
Status-health link
People of lower SES, indigenous ppl and other minorities tend to have poorer health habits than other canadians
