Lecture 6

Question 1

What are the most successful anti-smoking ads about

Answer 1

Most successful anti-smoking ads are emotionally evocative and contain personalized stories

Question 2

Educational Appeals

Answer 2

Provide general information; assume tat ppl will be motivated to improve health behaviour if they have the correct information

Question 3

Message Framing: Gain-framed messages

Answer 3

• Focus on experiencing desirable consequences and/or avoiding negative ones
• Work best at motivating behaviours that serve to prevent or recover from illness or injury (ex. Condom use, performing physical therapy)

Question 4

Message Framing: Loss framed messages

Answer 4

• Focus on experiencing undesirable consequences and/or avoiding positive ones
• Work best for behaviours that occur infrequently and serve to detect a health problem early (ex. Drinking and driving, mammograms)

Question 5

Fear Appeals

Answer 5

Message framing that assumes instilling fear will lead to change
More persuasive if:
- Emphasize consequences
- Include personal testimonial
- Provide specific instructions
- Boost self-efficacy before urging ppl to change

Question 6

Behavioural Methods of Supporting Good Health

Answer 6

Focus on helping people manage the antecedents and consequences of a behaviour

Question 7

Cognitive Methods of Supporting Good Health

Answer 7

Focus on changin ppls thought processes

Question 8

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Answer 8

Evidence-based psychotherapeutic intervention that promotes self-observation and self-monitoring to increase awareness and control of negative thoughts and harmful behaviours
- Goal: regulation of thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and behaviours through personal coping strategies

Question 9

Lapse

Answer 9

An instance of backsliding which does not indicate failure

Question 10

Relapse

Answer 10

Falling back to one’s original pattern of undesirable behaviour; common when ppl try to change long-term habits

Question 11

Abstinence-Violation Effect

Answer 11

Experiencing a lapse can ruin one’s confidence in remaining abstinent and lead to a full relapse

Question 12

Steps to Relapse Prevention

Answer 12

1. Learn to identify high-risk situations by making a list of conditions that lead to lapses
2. Acquire coping skills through training
3. Practice coping skills in a high-risk situation under therapist supervision

Question 13

Motivational Interviewing

Answer 13

• A one-on-one counselling style designed to help ppl explore and resolve their ambivalence in changing a behaviour
• Semi-directive, client-centred approach to counselling
  2 key features:
  1. Decisional balance: clients list reasons for and against changin behaviour; then discuss
  2. Personalized feedback: clients receive info on their pattern of problem behaviour, comparisons w norms, and risks of behaviour

Question 14

BASICS: harm reduction approach for college students

Answer 14

Program is conducted over 2 brief interviews:
1. Assessing risk of problem behaviours, obtaining commitment to monitor drinking between interviews
2. Providing personlized feedback, including comparison to norms, risks, and advice on how to drink safely
- This program was extremely effective at limiting # of days drunk and days of continuous drinking

Question 15

Social Engineering

Answer 15

Changing the social environment in order to better support healthy behaviours (ex. Nutritional guidelines, seatbelt laws, school vaccine programs, racing alcohol to increase cost)

Question 16

Harm Reduction Approach

Answer 16

• Aims to reduce the negative consequences of substance/drug use; and to treat people who use drugs w respect and dignity
  In order to reduce/remove the effects of social stigma
  To better motivate ppl to be healthy and contributing members of society
• Example: safe consumption sites

Question 17

Benefits of Insite: Supervised Drug Consumption Site

Answer 17

• Reductions in public injecting and syringe sharing
• Increases in the use of detox services and addiction treatment
• Drop in overdose deaths
• Drop in new cases of HIV

Question 18

Addiction

Answer 18

A state of psychological or physical dependence on the use of drugs or other substances, such as alcohol, or on activities or behaviours such as gambling

Question 19

Psychological Dependence

Answer 19

A state in which ppl feel compelled to use a substance for the effect it produces, without necessarily being physically dependent on it

Question 20

Physical Dependence

Answer 20

When the body had adjusted to a substance and incorporated it into the “normal functioning” of the body’s tissues

Question 21

Short term effect of alcohol

Answer 21

Reduced coordination
Diminished cog ability
Judgement
Aggression
Accidents

Question 22

Long Term effects of alcohol

Answer 22

Liver damage
Cardiovascular disease
Various types of cancer
Depression
Alc use disorder

Question 23

Alcohol Use Disorder

Answer 23

A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

Question 24

INTRAPERSONAL high risk situations for relapse

Answer 24

Negative emotional states
Positive emotional states
Exposure to alcohol-related stimuli or cues
Non-specific cravings

Question 25

INTERPERSONAL high risk situations for relapse

Answer 25

Situations involving other ppl, especially interpersonal conflict
Social pressure
Exposure to settings and situations that are cues

Question 26

obseity

Answer 26

Having a very high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass, or BMI of 30 or higher; declared a disease by CMA in 2015

Question 27

Obesity trends in Canada

Answer 27

In 2022 most (65% of canadian adults were classified as overweight (35%) or obese (30%)

Question 28

Who is responsible for obesity? A systems approach!

Answer 28

Obesity is an end result of the intricate interactions of biology, behaviour and environment
Driven largely by environmental and lifestyle factors

Question 29

Health Halo effect

Answer 29

• The tendency to judge an entire food item as healthier based on one or more narrow attributes that are perceived as healthy (ex. “Low calorie”, “organic” or “all-natural”)
• Individuals were more likely to make indulgent food choices when a healthy item is avail compared to when it is not (more likely to pick fries if they have the option of the salad bc it makes them think the fries are healthier)

Question 30

Community factors in obesity

Answer 30

Lower SES
Lower % of college grads
Fewer grocery stores
Low satisfaction w safety and public transport
Reduced accessibility to sport facilities

Question 31

Best diet option for dealing w obesity

Answer 31

Sustainable, balanced diet that provides optimal amounts of all essential nutrients for the body’s metabolic needs are best

Question 32

weight stigma

Answer 32

A factor in both weight gain and poor health; stigma predicts mortality

Question 33

healthy at every size approach

Answer 33

An alternative to the weight-centred/control approach that focuses on weight-neutral outcomes
Promotes size acceptance, end weight discrimination, and reduce the cultural obsession with weight loss and thinness

Question 34

Sedentary behaviour

Answer 34

Any activity involving sitting, reclining or lying down that has v low energy expenditure
May be a distinct risk factor for premature death and adverse health independent of low physical activity

Question 35

How much exercise do you need?

Answer 35

Adults should get 2 ½ house of moderate to vigorous physical activity each week

Question 36

Status-health link

Answer 36

People of lower SES, indigenous ppl and other minorities tend to have poorer health habits than other canadians