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ENDO I > lecture 6 > Flashcards

lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

4 factors affecting endodontic anesthesia

A
  1. apprehension and anxiety
  2. fatigue
  3. tissue inflammation
  4. previous unsucessful anesthesia
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2
Q

what phase of treatment is most important

A

initial management

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3
Q

RCT is impossible without profound

A

LA- local anesthesia

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4
Q

what is important in the initial management?
psycological approach this involves the 4C’s

A
  1. control
  2. communication
  3. concern
  4. confidence
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5
Q

atraumatic anesthetic injections:

A
  1. dry mucosa- then topical anesthetic- let it soak in at least 60 seconds
  2. vigourously shaking/squeeing lip or cheek while injecting is a distraction technique
  3. SLOW and gentle (take 60 seconds to injection)
  4. talk to pt constantly
  5. keep patient occupied
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6
Q

for any maxillary molars, PM or anterior

A
  1. may have palatal injection also for max anesthetic effect
  2. palatal very painful though
  3. use small quantity of LA on palatal tissue which is tight and painful. too much (more than 1/4 carp) may slough tissue
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7
Q

use of what as pre-injection anesthetic is more effective compared with topic gel in reducing pain in palatal injection

A

use of refrigerant (endo ice)
+ pressure
+ time

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8
Q

using refrigerant as pre-injection for palate, you direct the needle top ______to the frosted dimple and use NO MORE than ____carpule on palatal injections

A

perpendicular to the frosted dimple

no more than 1/4 carpule

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9
Q

why is local anesthetic less effective in acute inflammation?

and where will biggest challenge be located at?

A

the HOT pulpitis

mandibular molar with acutely inflamed pulpitis

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10
Q

why is anesthesia difficult in mand molar with acute inflamed pulpitis

A

due to inherent inaccuracies of mandibular Nerve blocks and other problems

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11
Q

______do not necessarily indicate PULPAL anesthetia and infiltration alone here is useless due to the density to the cortical plates

A

lip signs

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12
Q

teeth with _____are often very resistant to LA

so bottom line is, less effective anesthesia is resultant and a whole lot more pain is perceived

A

acutely inflamed tissues

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13
Q

these are equally important to a good result

A

technique and patient management

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14
Q

what can we do to combat LA problems?

A
  1. use anto-inflammatory drug in effort to reduce inflammation, revert the pores to normal and raise the patient’s pain threshold. such an inexpensive and simple benefit
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15
Q

IBU 600 mg one hour prior = ___% effective

A

78%

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16
Q

you cannot prescribe w/o a DX or w/o examining pt so must

A

have already seen the patient, taken history, obtained radiographs, clinical testing and made your Dx

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17
Q

to combat LA problems, do everything you can to diminish the

A

emotional components

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18
Q

diminish emotional components by:

A
  1. establish rapport with the patient. show then you CARE
  2. communicate your concern for the pt in a calm, convincing and confident manner
  3. inform before you preform
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19
Q

do initial LA and wait few minutes to allow anesthesia in area of LA injection. then, go back and

A

feel the bone and painlessly inject the 2nd carpule where you know you need to be for the LA block

then wait for lipsigns and check tooth with percussioin and or cold to determine if you need to do supplementary anesthesia

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20
Q

only after you are positive that you have a numb and fat lip, do you use any ____ anesthesia

A

buccal

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21
Q
  1. intra-ligamental (PDL injection)
  2. intra-pulpal injection
  3. intra-osseous
A

what are supplemental anesthetic techniques that can confirm block

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22
Q

5 basic mandibular techniques

A
  1. inferior alveolar nerve (IAN)
  2. lingual nerve (L)
  3. buccal infiltration
  4. gow-gates
  5. incisive nerve block/infiltration at the mental foramen
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23
Q

inferior alveolar nerve and lingual nerve anatomy

A
  1. mand nerve V3
  2. all descend on medial side of ramus
  3. lingual nerve is just anterior to IAN
  4. IAN will enter the mand foramen
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24
Q

deposition site “target” for IAN

A

superior to mandibular foramen

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25
Q

target site for lingual nerve

A

withdrawl needle slightly

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26
Q

3 things for IAN and lingual nerve before you deposit

A
  1. aspirate
  2. stabilize
  3. distraction
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27
Q

IAN and L point of penetration

A

just lateral to pterygomandibular raphe at the height of coronoid notch

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28
Q

IAN and L injection at height of:

A

coronoid notch
6-10mm above occlusal plane

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29
Q

IAN and L insertion path has barrel of syringe parallel with:

and barrel of syringe is over:

A

mand occlusal plane
over opposite premolars

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30
Q

IAN and L insertion path
advance~ ___mm or __inch needle in

A

20-25mm or 1 inch

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31
Q

what is the most common method for mandibular

A

IAN
lip numb 5-7 mins
pulpal anesthesia 10-15 mins
success more in molars and premolars

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32
Q

duration of IAN

A

2 1/2 hours

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33
Q

labial and lingual infiltration injections alone (are/aren’t) effective for pulpal anesthesia in mandible

A

are not

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34
Q

what carpal is significantly better for first mand molar

A

articaine over lidocaine

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35
Q

for gow gate, the target is

A

neck of condyle

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36
Q

steps for gow gate

A
  1. have pt open as wide as possible
  2. position syringe over the contralateral premolars
  3. insert the needle into mucosa distal to the max 2nd molar until the neck of condyle is contacted
  4. imagine needle tip is aimed for the external auditory meatus
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37
Q

incisive nerve block at the

A

mental foramen

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38
Q

incisive nerve block successful for what teeth

A

for premolar teeth but not for central or lateral incisors

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39
Q

branches for IAN above the mand foramen and might innervate first molar

A

mylohyoid

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40
Q

mylohyoid can deliver anesthetic into the mucosal tissue apical and distal to the

A

first molar

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41
Q

5 techniques for maxillary

A
  1. infiltration
  2. anterior superior alveolar (ASA)
  3. middle superior alveolar (MSA)
  4. posterior superior alveolar (PSA)
  5. infraorbital block
42
Q

max palatal anesthesia nerves

A
  1. greater-palatine GPB
  2. naso-palantine (NPB)
43
Q

anesthesia is more successful in (maxilla/mandibular)

A

maxilla

44
Q

with maxilla, pulpal anesthesia onset is:
lip numbness:
duration:

A

lip numbness few mins
pulpal: 3-5 mins
duration anterior teeth 30-60 mins
premolars and molars 45-60 mins

45
Q

anterior superior alveolar (ASA)

A

numbs the maxillary anterior teeth (incisors and canines) and the associated soft tissue

46
Q

where to inject for anterior superior alveolar (ASA)

A

anesthetic is typically injected near the apex of the maxillary canine or incisor

47
Q

target area for middle superior alveolar MSA

A

premolars (first and second) and may also include the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar, as well as the surrounding gingival and buccal tissues

48
Q

middle superior alveolar MSA technqiue

A

near max second premolar, targeting the MSA nerve which is branch of max nerve

49
Q

posterior superior alveolar (PSA) target area

A

maxillary molars (typically the first, second, and sometimes third molars) and the associated buccal soft tissues

50
Q

technique for posterior superior alveolar

A

injected near posterior superior alveolar foramen, which is located on the maxilla, usually above the molar roots.
needle is typically inserted at 45 degree angle to reach nerve

51
Q

infraorbital block target area

A

max anterior teeth (incisors and canines), premolars, and sometimes mesiobuccal root of max first molar. it also affects the buccal soft tissues, upper lip, and sometimes the nasal region

52
Q

infraorbital block technique

A

injected near infraorbital foramen, located just below the infraorbital rim

53
Q

greater palatine target area

A

numbs soft and hard tissues of posterior hard palate, usually from the second molar to the midline, affecting the greater palatine nerve

54
Q

greater palatine technique

A

injected at the greater palatine foramen, located on the hard palate usually about 1-2mm medial to the second molar.

needle gently advanced into the foramen

55
Q

nasopalatine target area

A

numbs anterior hard palate, particularly the area around the maxillary incisors (central and lateral incisors) and the associated gingival tissues

56
Q

nasopalatine technique

A

injected at nasopalatine foramen, located just behind max central incisors

done by inserting the needle into midline of anterior palate, often requiring gentle aspiration to avoid blood vessels

57
Q

most LA agents have onset of action between

A

1-20 mins
wait and test

58
Q

___of LA solutions available at umkc will last for entire 3 hour duration

A

NONE
plan on reinjecting

59
Q

effective pulpal anesthesia will be routinely gone in ______mins. get pulp OUT while numb!

A

30-90 mins

60
Q

two basic types of LA agents

A

esters and amides

61
Q

novacaine, procaine
-more side effects, higher probability of allergic reaction, no longer in favor or commonly available in US

A

esters

62
Q

all rest, available, and preferred agents

A

amides
(lidocaine)

63
Q

most pulpal anesthesia will be lost after

A

45 mins

64
Q

amides short duration <60 mins [carbocaine]

A

mepivacaine

65
Q

amides medium duration 60-120 mins

A

lidocaine and articaine

66
Q

amides long duration >120 mins

A

0.5% bupivacaine w/ 1:200,000 epi [marcaine]

67
Q

____REPEATEDLY to avoid intravascular injection

A

aspirate

68
Q

many hot IP cases will require one or more supplemental anesthetic technique in addition to basic regional blocks and necessary infiltration:

A

after buccal infiltration, use PDL on hot mand molar when block is confirmed

  1. PDL injection
  2. intra-pulpal injection
  3. intra-osseous injection
69
Q

needle wedged between root and bone

key is achieving back pressure

achieves rapid onset but can be uncomfortable to the pt and short in duration

A

PDL injection

can get you into pulp but cant get you into the canal

70
Q

-want to get into canal
-last choice
-painful and ultra short acting, but immediate relief

A

intra-pulpal injection

71
Q

use what needle with intra-pulpal injection and wedge how

A

30 gauge (#25 file)
wedge as far in canal as possible
*must bind tightly in canal

72
Q

how to complete intra-osseous injection

A
  1. distal to target tooth
  2. 2mm apical to CEJ
  3. stay in attached gingiva
  4. avoid roots, mental foramen, sinus
73
Q

a ____is rotated in the handpiece following soft tissue anesthesia to create hole (path) thru cortical bone into medullary spaces

radiograph with cannula(needle) in place and remove at end of visit

A

perforator for intra-osseous injection

*not used at UMKC

74
Q

x-tip used for intra-osseous injection parts

A

perforator and cannula (needle)

*not used at umkc

75
Q

x-tip designed to be placed here:

A

2mm inferior to the intersection of horizontal line paralleling B-G margins and a vertical line bisecting the interdental papilla distal to the tooth to be anesthetized

76
Q

this is usually necrotic pulp so not IP problem, but probably very sens to palpation and percussion.

never a good idea to inject into swollen tissue

refer serious case

A

cellulitis

77
Q

general considerations with cellulitis

A
  1. do regional block AWAY from inflamed area
  2. increase dose of LA
  3. change anesthetic?
  4. supplemental anesthetic techniques
  5. pre-med with anti-anxiety agents [valium or nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation]
  6. strongly consider REFERRAL for initial cellulitis treatment
78
Q

drainage of cellulitis is very serious. best thing to do it

A
  1. refer
    I.V. antibiotics and I&D (incision and drainage)

as soon as pt stabilized and able to open mouth, tooth reomved or pulp extirpated

79
Q

do not add any buccal infiltration until you have

A

thick and fat lip
(not just tingling)

80
Q

local anesthetics cause____________ by causing a local decrease in the rate and degree of depolarization of the nerve membrane such that the threshold potential for transmission is not reached when everything goes well

A

reversible interruption of the conduction of impulses in peripheral nerve

81
Q

LA effects are due to blockade of _____, thereby impairing sodium ion flux across the membrane resulting in

A

sodium channels

disrupting of impulse conduction

82
Q

Most local anesthetic agents are tertiary amine bases that are administered as water soluble hydrochlorides. After injection, the tertiary amine base is liberated by

A

the relatively alkaline pH of normal tissue fluids

83
Q

In tissue fluid the local anesthetic will be present in both an ionized and non-ionized form ; their relative proportions depend on:

A

depends on the pH in the area

84
Q

Only the (ionized/non-ionized) base then diffuses through the nerve sheath, peri-neuronal tissues and the neuronal membrane, to reach the axoplasm.

A

non-ionized

85
Q

In the non- ionized form , the local anesthetic enters the sodium channel (from the interior of the nerve fiber) and either :
1
2

A
  1. occludes the channel
  2. combines with a specific receptor within the channel that results in channel blockade
86
Q

most commonly used LA agent

(best choice for routine RCT at umkc)

A

2% lidocaine with 1:100,00 (xylocaine)

87
Q

each lidocaine carp contains

A

34 mg of anesthetic

88
Q

max safe adult dosage of lidocaine

A

8 carps (272mg)

89
Q

since lidocaine has epinephrine, should not be routinely used in patients in

A

MAO inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants

90
Q

most controversial LA agent

A

4% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epi (septocaine)
contains both ester and amide linkage

91
Q

4% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epi (septocaine) each carp contains _____mg of anesthetic (twice as toxic as lidocaine)

A

68 mg

92
Q

maximum safe adult dosage for 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epi

A

4 carpules

93
Q

what has the potential to cause neuropathies paraesthesia

A

articaine

5x as more likely than with lidocaine. or mepivicaine

94
Q

what is the purpose of epinephrine in LA

A

Delays systemic absorption which increases the duration AND increases the effectiveness of the LA. Also retards bleeding (surgery).

95
Q

potential danger with epi

A

in a pt with elevated BP is an untoward further increase in BP (esp. w/ intravascular inj.)

96
Q

if pt is stressed how does this effect epi

A

normal pt around 70kg will produce endogenous epi at 0.007mg-0.014mg per minute at rest.

exogenous epi ranging from 0.018mg-0054mg (1-3 carps)

thus, a pt at rest produces almost 1 carp of LA epi/min

and if pt is STRESSED, not number, they will produce endogenous epi at 0.28mg per min!!! 10 carps of la epi/min

97
Q

1-2 carps of 1/100k is generally

A

of little consequence

98
Q

3-4 carps and pt still isnt numb

A

consider rescheduling with sedation

unless pt in severe pain, then consider IV sedation unless contraindicated if faculties and services available

99
Q

solution to hot max tooth

A

use regional block (infraorbital block or palatal infiltration/2nd division block)
PSA
2nd division block

100
Q

LA should not be injected directly into swelling before incision for draining because

A

swelling has increased blood supply so they anesthetic is transported quickly into systemic circulation diminishing the effect in the local tissues

101
Q

solution to hot tooth mand

A
  1. gow gate injection -designed to include the high rising mylohyoid nerve

ENDO I (11 decks)

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