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PSYT 301 > Lecture 6/10: psychedelics and treatment > Flashcards

Lecture 6/10: psychedelics and treatment Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different serotonin hallucinogens?

A
  • psilocybin/psilocyn (magic mushroom)
  • DMT
  • LSD
  • mescaline
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2
Q

which psychedelic have clinical trials for major depression?

A
  • psilocybin/psilocyn (magic mushroom)
  • DMT
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3
Q

which psychedelic have clinical trials for AUD?

A

psilocybin/psilocyn which has been shown to produced robust decreases in percentage
of heavy drinking days

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4
Q

which psychedelics have clinical trials for generalized anxiety?

A

LSD which has been shown to produce long-lasting effects

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5
Q

serotonin hallucinogens are _______ agonists

A

5-HT2A

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6
Q

The terms _______
and ___________
have been coined to describe the pro-empathy and socializing effects of MDMA

A

empathogenic; entactogenic

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7
Q

how does psilocybin compare to escitalopram for major depression?

A

is it similar but, only two 25 mg doses (3 weeks apart) of psilocybin was given where escitalopram was given daily

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8
Q

how do different doses of psilocybin compare for major depression (1mg vs 25 mg)?

A

25 mg better than 1 mg

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9
Q

MDMA (+ psychotherapy) was shown to be helpful for which disorder?

A

PTSD

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10
Q

what are the 3 levels of targets/effects of psychedelics as a therapeutic?

A
  1. neurons (receptors that it targets, neuroplasticity/epigenetic effects)
  2. brain circuits/mind-altering effects (activation of circuits)
  3. transcendental thinking, meaning
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11
Q

general path of 5-HT in the brain

A
  • produced in the dorsal raphe
  • goes to the limbic system/prefrontal cortex
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12
Q

which receptors does psilocin target?

A

SERT, 5-HTs, and a-adrenergic

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13
Q

which receptors does DMT target?

A

5-HTs

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14
Q

which receptors does LSD target?

A

5-HT, a-adrenergic, Dopamine, beta, and histamine

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15
Q

what is the effect of repeated low-dose LSD treatment? (general neurobiology)

A

enhances 5-HT firing activity (like SSRIs) and desensitizes 5-HT1A autoreceptors (which causes the increase of firing - disinhibition)

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16
Q

how does low vs high dose LSD compare? (general neurobiology)

A

in low dose and high dose we see a decrease in 5-HT neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus, but we only see a decrease of DA neurons in the VTA in high doses, which should mean that low doses are less addictive

17
Q

effect of repeated, low dose LSD on stress?

A

reduced stress-induced anxiety in open field test and in novelty suppressed feeding test

18
Q

did low dose LSD show hallucinogenic-like effect in mice?

A

no, minimal difference in head twitch response

19
Q

how does low-dose LSD affect neuroplasticity/epigenetics?

A
  • induces spinogenesis,
  • engages epigenetic
    mechanisms involved with plasticity (increased methylation of DNA in CpG islands)
  • prevents the loss of spines after stress
20
Q

how does low-dose LSD affect social behaviour in mice?

A
  • Increases social interaction
  • Increases preference for a social stimulus
  • Increases preference for social novelty
  • Increases 5-HT firing activity
21
Q

what is the neural basis for the pro-social behaviour induced by LSD?

A
  • potentiates AMPA and 5-HT2A response but not NMDA and 5-HT1A in the mPFC
  • this AMPA/5-HT2A activation along with a intact mPFC glutaminergic neurons are required
  • increases Akt and mTOR phosphorylation in mPFC
  • an intact mTOR complex in excitatory neurons are required for the prosocial effect + the potentiation of 5-HT2A and AMPARs
22
Q

which brain circuits are affected by high dose LSD? what effect does this have?

A

cortico-thalamic circuit, which is the circuit most involved in consciousness and integration of internal-external stimuli, in other words, it filters reality into something rational

23
Q

what is the default-mode network (DMN)?

A

includes the mPFC, posterior cingulate cortex, and the angular gyrus,

24
Q

what does the DMN control/mediate?

A
  • neurological basis for the self (autobiographical information, self-reference, emotional perception of one’s self)
  • thinking of others (emotions, moral reasoning, social evaluations)
  • remembering the past/future
25
Q

what is the effect of psychedelics on the DMN?

A

Collapse of the normally highly organized activity within the DMN and a decoupling between
the DMN and the medial temporal lobes (which are normally significantly coupled), which is another reason we might want to use that therapeutically (decrease stress, reduce social withdrawal)

26
Q

Spirituality is related to ____ risk for mental health disorders

A

low

27
Q

spirituality includes ________________

A

transcendental thinking and the meaning of one’s own life

28
Q

Patients described the psilocybin experience as having _____________

A

substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance

29
Q

what in LSD mediates spirituality and meaningful effect? how do we know?

A

5-HT2A because ketanserin blocks this experience

30
Q

side effects of psychedelics

A
  • biological: increase HR and BP, headache, physical discomfort, nausea
  • psychological: risk of bad trip, fear/anxiety, existential loneliness, paranoia
  • long term: destabilization of personality, spiritual bypassing, ego-inflation, over-idealization
  • suicidal thoughts
31
Q

what is the spectrum of drug use?

A
  1. none
  2. social
  3. recreational
  4. moderate
  5. chronic
  6. compulsive
  7. chaotic
32
Q

what are examples of process addiction?

A
  • gaming
  • internet/porn
  • sex
  • gambling
  • shopping
  • eating
  • working
  • codependency
33
Q

what is the Gabor mate definition of addiction? how does it compare to other definitions?

A

any behavior that gives you: temporary relief, temporary pleasure, but in the long term causes harm, has some negative consequences, and you can’t give it up, despite those negative consequences.
so this applies to anything, not only substances

34
Q

what are the different family “roles” when exposed to addiction?

A
  • caretaker
  • family hero
  • scapegoat
  • mascot
  • lost child
35
Q

what is the caregiver role?

A
  • Actions often covers up for the problems addicted member create
  • the “rescuers” or “enablers”
36
Q

what is the hero role?

A
  • Keep good appearances outside of home-“golden child”
  • highly responsible, self-sufficient, perfectionist
37
Q

what is the scapegoat role?

A
  • opposite of hero “problem child”
  • instead of compensating, draw attention to themselves, often getting in trouble
38
Q

what is the mascot role?

A
  • The funny one in family
    try to alleviate chaos by diverting attention to humour (often sarcastic)
    Role keeps family from having to look at reality of family dynamic
39
Q

what is the lost child role?

A
  • The quiet one in the family
  • do their best to stay out of the way to avoid creating additional difficulty / blend into the background
  • often time the middle children

PSYT 301 (8 decks)

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