Lecture 5: Type I Diabetes

Question 1

Symtoms of T1D

Answer 1

Ketoacidosis
More severe or acute presentation
Significant weight loss
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
Lethargy
Nausea
Low insulin C-peptide levels
Some diagnosed by incidental discovery through lab results

Question 2

Incidence in US

Answer 2

7.8% of the population, 23.6 million people have diabetes, more often T2D
T1D- 0.2% population, under 20
Rates vary widely by country
Both diabetes types are rising
Age dependent, seen at a very young age
Seasonal Bias towards more cool- more people kept inside without physical activity
T1D increases 3-5% every year, appearing at an earlier age
- Assumed environmental and genetic components play into the disease

Question 3

Triglyceride Breakdown

Answer 3

Body can’t absorb insulin, thinks its starving

Breaks down triglycerides, and creates greater ketones and ketone bodies

Question 4

Honeymoon

Answer 4

Insulin requirement goes down after T1D treatment, probably from beta cell proliferation response to immune attack from insulin injections
Causes mistrust in PDR
Shows dangers of hypoglycemia, could cause a coma

Question 5

Complications from T1D

Answer 5

Neuropathy
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Atheroma
Cataracts
Endocrine disturbances
Complications are slowed down with intensive diabetes treatment

Question 6

Risk of T1D

Answer 6

0.4 percent overall
6% if your sibling had it
50 percent if identical twin had it
10% for dizygotic twin
Discordant identical twin, most eventually develop anti-islet antibodies and get diabetes much later

Question 7

Causes for T1D

Answer 7

Multifactorial autoimmune disease
One or more triggering environmental effects caused the descent
Targets for antibodies are insulin and insulinomas
HLA region of human chromosome, 6p21, highly linked with T1D, but accounts for less than 50% of genetic tendency
Non- HLA genes linked to T1D are immune genes