Lecture 5 - Type 2 Diabetes Flashcards
What is type 2 diabetes?
Is a common condition that causes the level of glucose in the blood to become high
Caused by problems with the hormone insulin
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes
Excessive thirst
Needing to pee a lot
Tiredness
What random plasma glucose value is considered a sign of diabetes?
11.1 mmol/L
What are the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes?
Age - over 40
Family History
High BMI
Ethnicity (Afro-Caribean, Black African or South Asian)
Medical History (hypertension, heart attack or stroke), severe mental illness, gestational diabetes)
Name the 9 annual care processes for all people ages 12 and over with diabetes
HbA1c, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine, urine albumin/creatinine ratio/ foot risk surveillance, BMI, smoking history)
Eye screening
What is the target HbA1c level?
48 mmol/mol
Define metformin
Works by reducing the amount of sugar your liver releases into your blood
Makes body respond better to insulin
What do sodium glucose co-transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2s)?
Help lower blood sugar levels by:
- reducing the amount of glucose being absorbed in the kidneys so that it is passed out in the urine
- reducing the amount of glucose in your blood
What do dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors do?
Block the action of DPP-4 an enzyme which destroys the hormone incretin
What are incretins?
Help the body produce more insulin only when it is needed and reduce the amount of glucose being produced by the liver when it is not needed
These hormones are released throughout the day and levels are increased at meal times
What do sulfonylureas do?
They work mainly by stimulating the cells in the pancreas to make more insulin
They also help insulin to work more effectively in the body
What do pioglitazone do?
Reduces insulin resistance and improving insulin sensitivity, allowing the insulin that the body produced to work more effectively
Helps to protect the cells in the pancreas, allowing them to carry on producing insulin for longer
What does glucagon-like-peptide 1 agonist (GLP-1)?
Increasing the levels of hormones called ‘incretins’
These hormones help the body produce more insulin only when needed and reduce the amount of glucose being produced by the liver when it’s not needed.
They reduce the rate at which the stomach digests food and empties and can also reduce appetite
When should insulin be offered?
People with diabetes with inadequate blood glucose control on optimised oral glucose-lowering drugs
