Lecture 5 - Respiration

Question 1

Respiration is the complete oxidative breakdown of …

Answer 1

Glucose

Question 2

The preliminary step to respiration is the Hydrolysis of carbohydrate storage molecules (sucrose or stach) to glusose.

Describe hydrolysis

Answer 2

Hydrolysis is the cleavage of chemical bond due to a reaction with water

Question 3

What are the 3 major steps to respiration

Answer 3

1. glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

Question 4

where can you find some component of the citric acid cycle (2 places)

Answer 4

some components are in the mitochindiral matrix and others are in the inner membrate that make up the cristae

Question 5

where does the respiration occurs?

Answer 5

within the mitichondria

Question 6

Nicotimanide adeninde dinucleotide

Which one of:
NADH and NAD+
oxide and which one reduce (e-)

Answer 6

NAD+ oxyde
NADH reduce (e-)

Question 7

What is the purpose of nicotimanide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

Answer 7

To carries (e-) from one reaction to another (redox)
and
To produce ATP via the electron transport chain

Question 8

what is Glycolysis

Answer 8

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
into pyruvate (CH₃COCOO−) and protons (H⁺)

Question 9

Name the 2 stages of glycolysis

Answer 9

preparatory phase
payoff phase

Question 10

what does the preparatory phase (glycolysis) requires and what does it ends with

Answer 10

Requires an E investment of
2 ATP / glucose

Ends with a splitting of 6-C
sugar (glucose) into two 3-C
molecules (glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate)

Question 11

in what phase does the Terminal Pi of an ATP
molecule is transferred to
the glucose molecule
(6 C- ring)
and
Glucose 6-phosphate
rearranged to fructose-6-Pi (5-sided ring)

Answer 11

In the 1st preparatory reaction in glycolysis.

Question 12

describe what happen during the 2nd preparatory reaction of glycolysis (2 things)

Answer 12

Fructose-6-Pi gains a
2nd Pi to form fructose-1,6 biophosphate

2nd ATP converted to ADP

Additional : total E yield = -2ATP

Fructose-6-Pi is split
producing two 3-C molecules
(glyceraldehyde-3-Pi)

Question 13

sumarize what happen in the payoff phase (step 6 to 10)

Answer 13

Produces an E yield of
4 ATP and 2 NADH

Net ATP = 2 / glucose

Question 14

Describe the 1st E yielding step of the payoff phase (step 6 and 7) of glycolysis

Answer 14

2 NAD+ (e- receptors) are
reduced to 2 NADH
(stored high-energy e-)

2 ADP take a Pi each to
from biphosphoglycerate
to form 2 ATP

Question 15

in the 2nd E yielding step of the payoff phase (step 8-9-10),
2 PEP provide Pi groups to ADP resulting in what (2 things)

Answer 15

2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate

Question 16

in the glycolysis, what phase describe Energy investment?

Answer 16

Preparatory phase

Question 17

In the glycolysis, what phase describe the Energy yield

Answer 17

Payoff phase

Question 18

name the 3 energy summation that happen in the glycolysis respiration

Answer 18

Prep phase has an E
investment of 2 ATP

Payoff phase provides
4 ATP and 2 NADH

Glycolysis E Net = 2 ATP & 2 NADH

Question 19

where does the glycolysis create the pyruvate

Answer 19

in the cytosol

Question 20

once the pyruvate entered the mitochondrial matrix it is thus transformed into what?

Answer 20

aceryl CoA

Question 21

The 2 pyruvate molecules (glycolysis) enter the mitochondrial matrix. once they do, both are…
oxidized or reduced

Answer 21

oxidized (e- are removed)

Question 22

how many enzymes cathalyze the citric acid cycle reaction

Answer 22

8
each of these enzyme represent a step in the reaction

Question 23

how do we name a Acetyl CoA when it is combined with a 4-C compound

Answer 23

oxaloacetate

Question 24

step 2 of citric acid cycle

the addition of _____ reconfigures the citrate molecule

Answer 24

aconitase

Question 25

step 3 of citric acid cycle

in the conversion of isocitrate to alphaketoglutarate, a CO2 molecule si liberated and NAD+ is reduce or oxyde to NADH

Answer 25

reduce

Question 26

in the citric acid cycle a Alpha-ketoglutarate is further reduced into succinyl CoA which
releases (2 things)

Answer 26

CO2 and NADH

Question 27

in the step 5 of citric acid cycle, the introduction of water releases an ATP and lyses the CoA to form what

Answer 27

succinate

Question 28

describe the step 6 in the citric acid cycle

Answer 28

Creation of FADH2 from
FAD in the reduction from
succinate to fumerate

Question 29

what is required in the citric acid cycle to alter fumerate to malate

Answer 29

water

Question 30

in citric acid cycle the malate is changed to oxaloacetate with the addition of malate dehydrogenase. name what is release from this equation

Answer 30

NADH

Question 31

describe the oxaloacetate regeneration

Answer 31

oxaloacetate regeneration is what makes this process a
cycle as the addition of water
to this molecule will begin the
whole thing over again

Question 32

what is the purpose of the e- transport chain

Answer 32

Build a surplus of H+ in the intermembrane space to create a concentration gradient in comparison the mitochondrial matrix

Question 33

in the electron transport chain, there is 3 electron carriers, name them and their function

Answer 33

Cytochromes (Cyt.):
Can carry one e- through the
use of a heme (Fe) group

Iron-sulfur proteins (FMN):
(protein + sulphide)

Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone; CoQ):
Can carry one or two e-

Question 34

Every time an e- carrier ACCEPTS an e- does it pick up or release a H+

Answer 34

it picks up a H+ from the
mitochondrial matrix

Question 35

When the e- carrier GIVES its e- to the the next carrier does it pick up or release a H+

Answer 35

the H+ is
released into the intermembrane space

Question 36

where does H+ gradient is being generated

Answer 36

in the inner
mitochondrial
membrane

Question 37

what create a potential energy in the electron transport chain

Answer 37

a difference in electrice charges
more positive charges outside than inside

Question 38

in anaerobic pathways what is the fermentation

Answer 38

Breakdown of glucose
into ethanol (plants)
in the absence
of O2

Question 39

Pyruvate is converted anaerobically to alcohol in plants in two steps, name them.

Answer 39

Step 1: CO2 is released
Step 2: NADH is oxidized and acetaldehyde is reduced

Most of the E of glucose remains in the alcohol (principal
end product)