Lecture 5: Receivers' resistance strategies Flashcards
On what does the type of resistance depends?
On several communicative elements:
- Message
- Context / medium:
- Source
- Target
What is message on which the type of resistance depends on?
the type of message that we are confronted with. Is it important/ relevant for us, does it appeal to us?
What is context/medium on which the type of resistance depends on?
the context and the medium via which we receive the message. Being put on the spot and communicating face to face for example.
What is the source on which the type of resistance depends on?
the sender plays a role, do we like him/her? is he an authority?
What is the target on which the type of resistance depends on?
The receiver is important, do we have the resources to process the message? Can we react? are we worried about our appearance?
Why are health messages perceived as threatening? (e.g., smoking kills tuff)
it appeals to:
- Physical threat
- Self-threat
What is physical-threat?
Fear, physical danger. For smokers some campaigns show the negative consequences of smoking (with the pictures on the packages)
What is self-threat?
The threat to view the self as morale adequate, living up to one’s own standards. We don’t want to harm others around us, but if we smoke we do.
What is cognitive dissonance?
The uncomfortable feeling we have when our beliefs are not in line with our behavior.
How do we solve when we feel cognitive dissonance? (e.g., smoking example, since it is addictive)
- Avoidance
- Suppression
- Denial
- Cognitive appraisal
What is avoidance when we feel cognitive dissonance?
for example: picking the cigarets in another package without the messages on them
What is suppression when we feel cognitive dissonance?
Actively surpassing the negative effects of what you see and feel.
What is denial when we feel cognitive dissonance?
Deny that smoking is bad for you
What is cognitive reappraisal?
it is for example, adding a new element without avoiding that it is indeed bad what you do. (for example, I could also get hit by a bus tomorrow so I’ll continue to smoke)
What is adaptive function?
Controlling the negative emotions caused by cognitive dissonance restoring an effectively functioning state of mind.
What is the process of the Extended Parallel Process Model of Witte (1992)?
First, we encounter a message and we assess two things:
- We asses the perceived the threat. Consists of how susceptible we are and the severity of the threat.
- After that it is important how good we can cope with these threats
What is counter arguing for resistance strategy?
is very closely related to the persuasion attempt that they reacted to. Counter arguing is about refuting the message, and derogating the arguments
What is attitude bolstering for resistance strategy?
Same as counter arguing but you support your own view
What is message distortion for resistance strategy?
Something that goes on your mind, so cannot be coded by researchers.
What is selective exposure for resistance strategy?
About ignoring the information you simply do not want to hear.
What is source derogation for resistance strategy?
about derogating (afwijking) a source, so not using it because its not worth anything
What is social validation for resistance strategy?
about the fact that others have the same opinion as you have.
What is assertions of confidence for resistance strategy?
about the fact that others tell you that their opinion cannot be changed even though you give them other information
What is the most effective resistance strategy?
Counter-arguing.
Only effortful resistance (in the form of counter-arguing) seems successful when defending important attitudes.
