Lecture 5 - Raw milk hygiene and safety Flashcards
STEC
shiga-toxin producing e. coli
Bacillus cereus is
a spore-forming bacterium that occurs naturally in many kinds of foods and can
cause illness in humans.
Facultative anaerobe; Oxygen required for production of emetic toxin.
Psychotrophic strains occur, but most are not pathogenic.
Bacillus cereus can form spores
that are resistant to heating and dehydration and can therefore survive cooking
and dry storage.
Growth range of Bacillus cereus.
Growth range at 4-55 °C,
emetic strains have a minimum of 10 °C.
Maximum toxin production at 20-25°C,
toxin production range 10-40 °C.
Requirements and criteria of the Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 Section IX are the basis for Estonian national requirements.
Criteria for raw milk:
– Plate count at 30 °C (cfu per ml): ≤ 100 000 (Rolling geometric average over a two month period with at least two samples per months);
– Somatic Cell Count (per ml): ≤ 400 000 (Rolling geometric average over a three-month period, with at least one sample per month);
– Antibiotic residues – no exceeding residues (no exceeding the limits).
Most important pathogens in regard to raw milk. (3)
campylobacter
salmonella
STEC
On direct marketing of the raw milk (directly to customer at retail level) additionally to the 3 requirements derived from the Regulation (EU) 853/2004, what must be done?
Staphylococcus aureus enumeration should be performed:
- One per two months
- Criteria <500 CFU/ml
In some countries raw milk selling via retail channels was
not permitted.
Sweden (only fäbod is allowed), Denmark and the Netherlands.
Raw milk labelling demands in EU countries
In all participated countries, except Estonia, there was obligatory consumer information needed in one or another way,
– mostly on vending machine but also on containers.
“not heat treated, may contain organisms harmful to health”
Testing raw milk for what pathogens is required in most countries
L. monocytogenes,
Salmonella and to determine
S. aureus count are required in most countries.
Top 5 consumer criteria for food ranking.
Before 1938, what % of all foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks in the US were associated with milk consumption?
an estimated 25% of all foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks in the US were associated with milk consumption.
Important reservoir for campylobacter.
cattle
EHEC
enterohemorrhagic bacteria escherichia coli
In accordance with results of state monitoring program and research studies, the ENVIRONment derived bacteria/parasites in Estonian dairy herds are:
– STEC
– Listeria monocytogenes
– Salmonella spp.
– Campylobacter jejuni/coli
– Yersinia enterocolitica;
– Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
– Clostridium perfringens
– Bacillus cereus
– Cryptosporidium spp.
