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Neuro Test 1 > Lecture 5 PT 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 PT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are 1st order neurons found?

A

Between sensory receptor and spinalcord/brainstem

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2
Q

Where are 2nd order neurons found

A

Between Spinalcord and brainstem/thalamus

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3
Q

Where are 3rd order neurons found?

A

Between thalamus to cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Conduction vs translation

A

Conduction - impulse over pathway to CNS

Translation- CNS receives impulse and integrates info (may prepare response)

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5
Q

Somatic/visceral/pain/tactile/proprioceptive senses are handled by what kind of receptors?

A

General receptors

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6
Q

What kind of receptors handle Smell, Taste, vision, hearing/balance

A

specialized

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7
Q

Hair cells are found on ________ receptors

A

specialized

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8
Q

__________ determines the types of receptors that are activated

A

The stimulation (what kind it is)

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9
Q

Exteroceptor vs Interoceptor

A

Exteroceptor- Detect external stimuli

Interoceptor- Stimuli coming from inside body

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10
Q

Each type of receptor has a subset of _______ that are sensitive to simuli that either damage or have potential to damage

A

Nocioceptors

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11
Q

Where are proprioceptors found?

A

Found in muscles, tendons, ligaments

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12
Q

What receptor is described as:

Responds continiously as long as stimulus present

slow adapting

Detects pressure and form of objects

A

Tonic receptor

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13
Q

What receptor is described as:

Adapts to continuous stimulus and stops responding to stimulus

-Fast adapting

-detects motion, vibration, rate of change

A

Phasic receptor

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14
Q

sensory receptors with a smaller field are _______ sensitive than one with a larger field

A

more sensitive (can tell the difference between 1 and 2 points of contact that are close together)

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15
Q

Larger receptive field are generally found _____

A

More proximally

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16
Q

Smaller receptive fields are usually found…

A

distally

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17
Q

Greater density of receptors is found ______ in the body

A

Distally

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18
Q

What kind of cutaneous receptors are small field receptors?

A

Meisners corpuscles (light touch)
Merkel’s disks (pressure

How I will remember: M&Ms are small field receptors. Because both small field receptors start with an M

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19
Q

What are the two kinds of subcutaneous receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscle - touch vibration

And Ruffini’s endings- stretch of the skin

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20
Q

Superficial receptors typically have a _____ receptive field whereas subcutaneous fibers have a _____ receptive field

A

Superficial: small

Subcutaneous: Large receptive field

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21
Q

Mechanoreceptors/Aβ fibers handle what sensations?

A

Light touch- vibration, stretch, skin pressure

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22
Q

Free nerve endings AKA Aδ Fibers handle what sensations?

A

Course touch (pleasant touch/pressure/tickle/itch)
Pain
And Temperature (thermoreceptors)

The symbol is a delta symbol, how i will remember this: riding on delta airlines is very painful, hot, and the seats are course (maybe she meant coarse? Idk the slide said course) to the touch

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23
Q

True or false: naturally stimuli will only activate one type of receptor

A

False

24
Q

What are the 4 attributes of conduction?

A

Modality

Location

Intensity

Duration

25
Q

A stimulus with a larger duration or larger amplitude will lead to…

A

More neurotransmitter release

26
Q

Signal processing for integration occurs at what 3 levels of the somatosensory system?

A

Receptor Level

Circuit Level

Perceptual level

27
Q

The speed of information processing is determined by what 3 factors

A

Axon diameter

Myelination

Number of synapses in pathway

28
Q

Divergence vs Convergence

A

Divergence- Synapse spreads action potential to several areas of CNS

Convergence - Synapses focus action potentials from several sensory neurons into narrow area of CNS

29
Q

How are peripheral and Spinal dermatomes different in the extremities vs the trunk

A

The lumbosacral plexus and brachial plexus allow for mixing of spinal roots to where periphrial nerves receive multiple spinal levels, this mixing is not present in the trunk

30
Q

What are 3 challenges to testing for sensory deficits

A

Patient alertness/cognition

Cheating

Equipment availability

31
Q

Nerve conduction velocity testing

A

Compare electrical stimulation to peripheral nerve and compare with norms

Distance latency - Time from stim to distal recording site
Amplitude- # axons conducting
Conduction velocity- testing for Myelination

32
Q

True or false: a nerve conduction velocity test is typically done at the same time as EMG

A

True

33
Q

What is a SSEP (somatosensory evoked potentials) test

A

Tests peripheral and central pathways, the conduction is measured proximally and at the cerebral cortex

34
Q

What is the order of sensory loss (note: sensory returns in reverse order)

A
  1. Conscious proprioception/ light touch
  2. Cold
  3. Fast/sharp stinging pain
  4. Heat
  5. Slow aching pain
35
Q

Nerve compression impacts large myelinated axons first and _______ last

A

Smaller nocioceptive thermal and autonomic axons last

36
Q

What is sensory Ataxia?

A

Loss of somatosensory , can be caused by Injury to peripheral nerves, dorsal roots, dorsal columns of SC, or medial lemnisci

37
Q

What is the difference between peripheral ataxia and cerebellar ataxia?

A

Difference in eye open/eye closed testing.
Patients w/ cerebellar ataxia will preform the same with eyes open and closed
Proprioception is intact with cerebellar ataxia and absent with sensory ataxia

38
Q

What is Shingles/Herpes zoster and how is it treated

A

Varicella Zoster virus infects dorsal root ganglion and appears as painful rash along dermatome

Treatment: antiviral within 72 hours

Prevention: vaccine for people over 50

39
Q

Nocioceptive pain vs non-nocioceptive pain

A

Nocioceptive: Acute/chronic tissue injury

Non-nocioceptive: malfunction of neural pain regulating process WITHOUT presence of tissue injury

40
Q

What kind of pain describes neuropathic, central sensitivity syndromes, or pain syndromes

A

Non-nocioceptive pain

41
Q

Nocioceptors are free nerve endings that carry fast and slow pain by __________ (small fibers) to spinal cord

A

Aδ or C fibers (small fibers)

42
Q

Pain experience is strongly linked to _______, ______, and cognitive phenomena

A

Emotional, behavioral

43
Q

What areas of the brain are activated during central processing of pain?

A

Cingulate and insular areas

44
Q

What are the two kinds of inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord for pain?

A

Enkephalin and Dynorphin

45
Q

Where are the 3 areas where the brain has opiate receptors to bind with endorphins

A

Rostral ventromedial medulla (raphespinal tract)

Periaqueductal gray in midbrain

Locus Coeruleus in pons (Ceruleospinal tract)

46
Q

What are the 3 kinds of endorphins for inhibits pain signals?

A

Enkephalins , dynorphins, and B- endorphins

47
Q

What is gate control theory?

A

Activation of non-nocioceptive sensory neurons can close “gate” for central transmitting of nocioceptive signal (pain)

Note: demonstrates that pain perception is regulated by balance of activity in nocioceptive and non-nocioceptive afferent fibers

48
Q

How does the periphery of the nervous system inhibit pain?

A

Decrease synthesis of prostaglandins

49
Q

How does the dorsal horn help with inhibiting pain?

A

Release enkephalin and dynorphin.
(endogenous opioids)

50
Q

Nocioceptors that are excessively reactive to stimuli demonstrate ________ __________

A

Peripheral sensitization

Sensitized neurons can fire in response to normal stimuli and make it feel painful

51
Q

______ pain usually occurs after a tissue has been damaged

A

Deep pain

52
Q

True or false: Musculoskeletal injuries can trigger both fast and slow pain

A

True

53
Q

What is the explanation for referred pain?

A

pain that is perceived as coming from site distincly different from actual origin site

54
Q

Fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, chronic nonspecific LBP, and Migraines are example of….

A

Chronic pain as a disease/ primary pain

No evidence of actual tissue damage

55
Q

What is larger, a 1a axon or a IV axon?

A

1a axon is larger than a IV axon

Neuro Test 1 (19 decks)

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