Lecture 5 - Protein Strucutre Flashcards

1
Q

Are structural proteins usually drug targets?

A

No

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2
Q

Which structural protein has been useful in drug design?

A

Tubulin

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3
Q

What are the three main drug target proteins?

A

Receptors, enzymes and transporters

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4
Q

What do transport proteins do (3)?

A
  • Transport chemical building blocks (polar) across the cell membrane
  • Transport neurotransmitters back into the neuron
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5
Q

What can go wrong with receptors?

A
  • Over-activation of the cell due to too much messenger

- Under-activation of the cell due to tell little messenger

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6
Q

How do we fix over-activation and under-activation?

A
  • Introduce antagonists

- Introduce agonists

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7
Q

What are the three families of receptors?

A

Ion channels
G-protein coupled
Kinase-linked

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8
Q

What is signal-transduction

A

The chain of events that involve secondary messengers, proteins and enzymes

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9
Q

What is the difference between the 3 types of protein drug targets?

A

1) Enzymes - there is a chemical transformation of the LMW compound
2) Receptors - there is a message and the LMW compound leaves unchanged
3) The LMW is moved into the cell unchanged after binding

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10
Q

What do all amino acids have? (4)

A

Carboxylic acid groups (Co2H)
Amino group (NH2)
Functional group (R)
Central C-H motif

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11
Q

What is special about the structure of proline

A

The side chain is bonded to both the amino and carboxylate groups

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12
Q

Where is proline normally found in the protein?

A

protein ‘bends’

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13
Q

Why is proline also termed an imino acid

A

It has a 2° amino group instead of a 1° amino group

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14
Q

What are the two S-containing amino acids

A

Cysteine (SH)

Methionine (S-CH3)

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15
Q

Do charged amino acid residues stabilise protein conformations?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What are two non-standard amino acids?

A

Selenocysteine and pyrrolysine

17
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

CO-NH with water spat out

18
Q

Is the carbonyl atom usually cis or trans to the amino acid H atom

A

trans

19
Q

Does the amide bond undergo rotation?

A

No it has some double bond character

20
Q

What is primary protein structure?

A

The order in which amino acids are linked together

21
Q

What is secondary protein structure?

A

Ordered regions within the protein, from specific hydrogen-bonding patterns

22
Q

What is the tertiary protein structure?

A

The spatial arrangements of all atoms (including side chains and formation of disulfide bonds)

23
Q

What is quaternary protein structure

A

The arrangement of two or more subunits

24
Q

What are some examples of secondary structure

A

alpha helix, parallel beta sheet, anti-parallel beta sheet

25
Q

Parallel beta sheets have what two groups on the same side?

A

Amino group

26
Q

What is a key contributor to tertiary structure?

A

Van der waals

27
Q

What amino acid residues will be located at the surface of proteins?

A

Polar

28
Q

What is the result of the polar amino acid residues located at the surface?

A

They are less able to participate in the maintenance of the tertiary structure

29
Q

What are the two similarities between enzymes, receptors and transporters?

A
  1. All are protein-based biomolecules

2. They have recognition-based interactions with LMW compounds