Lecture 5: Membrane Structure, Part I Flashcards
Prokaryotic Cell
Small, unicellular
DNA in cytoplasm
One circular chromosome
No organelles
Oldest cell type
Eukaryotic Cell
Large cells, diverse shapes and functions
Unicellular or multicellular
DNA is in nucleus
Multiple linear chromosomes
Several organelles
Evolved from prokaryotes
What is an organelle?
membrane bound structures in cell that performs specialized functions
Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Both have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane
Do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have organelles?
Only eukaryotic
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
membrane of enclosed sacs that produces components of plasma membrane (proteins and lipids) and material secreted by the cell
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane surrounding nucleus which works with nuclear pores to regulates entry of only allowing specialized proteins and molecules
Nucleus
Prominent organelle in a eukaryotic cell and contains linear chromosomes
Can be observed by light and electron microscopes
Enclosed by nuclear envelope
Surrounded by lipid bilayer
2 Membranes of Nuclear Envelope
Outer membrane: in contact with cytoplasm
Inner membrane: in contact with chromosomes
Nuclear pores
Small channel embedded within nuclear envelope which acts a getaway for molecules to move between nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell
Allows selective transport of materials
What is the association between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nuclear envelope?
Membranes of ER are continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope
Rough ER
has ribosomes for protein synthesis → near nucleus
Smooth ER
no ribosomes and important for lipid synthesis → far away from nucleus and close to plasma membrane since made out of lipids
Describe the association between the ER and the Golgi apparatus.
Works together
Proteins synthesized in ER and other molecules from ER are packaged into transport vesicles and enter golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
stacks of membrane enclosed sacs that receive molecules in ER and and directs them to various locations within the cell
What happens when proteins traveling from cis to trans face of Golgi apparatus?
Proteins undergo processing and protein modification in stacks (cisternae)
Cis face of Golgi apparatus
Proteins enter from ER
Side nearest ER and facing nucleus
Trans face
exit side, where modified molecules are packaged into vesicles and sent to final destination within the cell
What is common destination of when proteins leave the Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Lysosomes
irregularly shaped organelles that contain enzymes used to digest macromolecules
Have various hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolysases) that can degrade different macromolecules
Molecules that are degraded by lysosomes are often
Recycled
All living cells must have
plasma membrane
Plasma membrane
Defines boundary of cell and separates cytosol from extracellular environment
Has selectively permeability
Internal membrane
Form organelles
Provide cell with intracellular compartments to perform specific functions
Selective permeability
selective passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell
What types of molecules can rapidly diffuse across the plasma membrane?
Small, nonpolar molecules
What types of molecules diffuse slowly across the plasma membrane?
Large polar, charged molecules
How do molecules that diffuse slowly (or not at all) cross the plasma membrane without diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion as molecules are assisted by specialized transport proteins in the membrane
Ex. glucose