Lecture 5 - Inervention, Support And Context Flashcards
What is the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS):
It is a unique augmentative/alternative immunisation intervention for individuals with autism and related developmental disabilities developed in 1985.
Child begins to scaffold communication by giving a picture card to an adult.
What is Applied Behavioural Analysis?
It is a type of therapy that focuses on teaching and promoting skills in specific domains such as language, communication and social.
It was first proposed by Lovaas and first published in 1987 (UCLA Young Autism Project).
What are the set of recommendations for ABA?
Start before age 3.
At least 40 hours a week.
Therapy should last at least 2 years.
One-to-one discrete trials.
What is the Early Start Denver Model?
It is a early intervention developed for very young children that was proposed by Dr Sally Rogers.
ABA was used to develop this model and it uses lots of discrete trails.
it gained recognition for promising results in children as young as 12 months.
Consists of 20 hours of therapy a week and aims to improve several skills at once e.g. vocal imitation, eye contact.
What are the 6 phases of PECS?
Phase 1 - learn to exchange single pictures for items or activities.
Phase 2 - use this system in different places with different people.
Phase 3 - start to select from 2 or more pictures using a communication book.
Phase 4 - construct sentences using ‘I want’ ‘I see’.
Phase 5 - use PECS to answer questions.
Phase 6 - taught comment in response to questions e.g. answering questions by ‘I want’.
What did Makrygianni & Reed (2010) do and find?
They tested the effectiveness of behavioural programs on developmental aspects.
Reviewed 14 studies and found behavioural programs are effective in improving several developmental aspects but there are 5 key predictors of improvement:
- Program intensity.
- Program duration.
- Parental training.
- Age at intake.
- Adaptive behaviour at intake.
What are the pros of ABA therapy/ESDM?
Parents can experience positive interactions with children.
Oppositional behaviour might reduce.
Can improve adaptive behaviour.
Can facilitate communication.
What are the cons for ABA therapy/ESDM?
Can be seen as training to be neurotypical when someone isn’t.
Can give parents false hope.
Financial issues.
Outcome may not necessarily be positive.
Why should there be family-focussed research?
There is a bi-directional influence on the family - the disorder impacts the individual but also the family, the family may impact on the disorder as well.
Research could inform clinical support services.
Research could facilitate coping and support mechanisms.
What did Cridland et al. (2014) find?
Found a autism made a positive impact on the family.
It improved communication skills and empathy levels, increased compassion, refocused energy and improved self-concept and self-confidence.
What is the family systems approach?
Proposed by Cridland et al. (2014).
Suggests all individuals count on family for comfort, care support etc.
It looks at 5 concepts in family-focused research and suggests these concepts are important in researching families living with ASD - boundaries, permeability, boundary ambiguity, resilience and traumatic growth.
What did Tint & Weiss (2015) suggest about the future of family research?
Use theoretical framework (e.g. social-ecological model that looks at individuals, families and communities), research can help identify appropriate resources, don’t over-rely on maternal self-report (use broader measures), expand research beyond the autistic child’s early years.
How might having a family member with a neurodevelopmental disorder influence daily life?
Higher empathy and greater understanding for disabilities, tasks may take longer, siblings may get ‘forgotten’ (‘glass child’), increased planning and structure may be required.
What methodological issues are involved with studying neurodevelopmental conditions?
Variability:
Universality of deficit (the deficit may not affect everyone with the condition).
Inter-individual variability (may be differences in the expression of behaviours within those with a specific condition).
Intra-individual variability (fluctuation of an individuals behaviour at different times).
Sample size:
Practical considerations such as funding and resources and there are not many people with these conditions so hard to get a large sample.
Anticipated drop-out rate.
Participant fatigue.
Use of standardised measures:
Must be appropriate for the population.
Is the deficit absolute or relative?
Developmental trajectory:
Might want to think about how we characterise a group and how they change over time.
There is no static end state.
What can studying neurodevelopmental conditions tell us?
Better understanding of alternative ways of thinking.
There is no single correct way of thinking or being.
Individual differences contribute to a rich and vibrant society.
Acceptance of neurodiversity is vital.
