Lecture 5 - Genetic Variation

Question 1

Name the 2 families of proteins involved in the cell cycle

Answer 1

cyclins (transcription dependent)
cyclin-dependent kinases (activation dependent) - only activated by cyclins

Question 2

How do we control cell proliferation?

Answer 2

EGFR inhibitors
Ras inhibitors
HDAC inhibitors
P53 replacement

Question 3

What is the function of AP-1?

Answer 3

regulates many genes involved in cell growth and differentiation
regulates a number of cell functions including cell growth, its ubiquitous, can synergise with other transcription factors

Question 4

Describe the regulation of c-fos promoter

Answer 4

complex is formed and the transcription factors bind to DNA elements
signals drive the transcription of c-fos
then phosphorylated the jun part of it and then we make AP-1 complex
bind to response elements in the promoter region
upstream factors, basal factors , and RNA polymerase all drive gene transcription

Question 5

Name the inhibitors of the cell cycle

Answer 5

CDK inhibitors - 2 groups:
=> INK4 (p16)- inhibit CDK4/6
=> CIP/Kip (p27) - inhibitr all CDKs
Bind cyclin/CDK complexes - prevent activation
Growth suppressors - suppress the cell cycle

Question 6

What drives NFkb?

Answer 6

Cytokines, IL-1, TNF alpha
bacterial/ viral infection
UV/stress/ ROI

Question 7

What is Nfkb?

Answer 7

in B cells
is a ubiquitous TF
associated with the activation of inflammatory genes
rests in the cytoplasm - when its active it goes into the nucleus and binds to the enhancer region and it drives gene transcription

Question 8

What does overactivation of NfkB lead to?

Answer 8

Excessive inflammation leading to disease e.g. COVID-19

Question 9

Describe the activation of NfKb

Answer 9

Phosphorylates ikB leads to its ubiquitination and degradation - removes it from the cytoplasm of the cell
RNA polymerase - drives the transcription of NFkb-responsive genes