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BIOL 214 > Lecture 5 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hydrologic cycle?

A
  • heat, evaporation, clouds, precipitation
  • distribution of water is not static, powered by solar energy
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2
Q

What is turnover time

A

the time required for the entire volume of a reservoir to be renewed

atmosphere: 9 days
rivers: 12-20 days
oceans 3,100 years

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3
Q

Describe oceans

A
  • circulation driven by winds under coriolis effect
    -moderate earth’s climate
    gyres: clockwise currents in northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in southern hemisphere
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4
Q

Describe ocean structure

A
  • divided into horizontal and vertical zones
  • each zone supports distinctive assemblage of life
    pelagic: off the bottom
    benthic: on the bottom
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5
Q

ocean light

A
  • 80% absorbed in first 10m
  • leaves ~ 3,400 of deep black water, only bioluminescence
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6
Q

ocean temperature

A
  • sunlight increases velocity of water which decreases density - warm water floats on top of cooler water
    -creates thermal stratification
    -thermocline: layer where temp changes rapidly with depth
    -upwelling: winds blow surface water offshore, cold water rises to surface, brings up nutrients
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7
Q

ocean salinity and oxygen

A

-oxygen concentration low compared to air, varies with depth

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8
Q

Where is salinity higher, equator or subtropic oceans?

A

subtropic because in equator: precipitation > evaporation
so in subtropic evaporation > precipitation

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9
Q

The littoral zone

A
  • also called intertidal zone
  • extends between highest and lowest tidal levels
  • periodically exposed to air: life adapted accordingly
    -exposed to wide variation in light intensity
    – one of the most dynamic environments in biosphere
  • waves and tides affect distribution and abundance of organisms
  • oxygen not limiting due to mixing caused by waves
  • differential tolerances to periodicity of air exposure leads to zonation of species
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10
Q

the neritic zone

A
  • between the lowest tide level and edge of continental shelf
  • high productivity: sunlight and nutrients in sediment
  • where you find kelp forests (brown algae) and coral reefs
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11
Q

kelp forest and coral gardens

A

-shallow waters around land
- high diversity and productivity
-corals confined to 30 N and S limited by temperature
- kelp in temperate water - like a forest

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12
Q

oceanic zone

A
  • beyond the continental shelf, seafloor drops rapidly to great depths
  • production strictly limited: low availability of nutrients
  • divided into several depth zones
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13
Q

Describe the biology of oceans. Where does certain life live?

A
  • photosynthetic organisms (phytoplankton and zooplankton) are limited to upper epipelagic zone (photic zone)
    -due to size, oceans contribute 1/4 of total photosynthesis in the biosphere - though mean rate per square meter similar to a desert
  • life exists at all depths
  • chemosynthesis occurs near undersea hot spring
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14
Q

estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests

A
  • estuaries are found where rivers meet the sea
  • salt marshes and mangrove forests are concentrated along low-lying coasts
  • all driven by ocean tides and river flow
  • physically dynamic systems leads to chemical variability (salinity and oxygen)
  • transport organisms (abundant but may not be species rich), nutrients, oxygen, and remove waste
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15
Q

rivers and streams

A
  • length: pools, runs, riffles, rapids
  • width: wetted/active channels
    -vertical: water surface, column
  • riparian zone is a transition area between the aquatic and upland terrestrial environments
  • river currents erode land, carry food, renew oxygen - all affect type of life
  • upstream: few minerals, lots of oxygen, fast, moving water
  • downstream: lots of minerals, less oxygen, slow moving water
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16
Q

Lakes

A
  • most of the world’s freshwater resides in a few large lakes. Great lakes of north America contain 20% of freshwater in the world
  • littoral zone: shallow near shore, rooted plants
  • limnetic zone: open lake
  • lakes thermally stratified like oceans. Spring and fall get lot of mixing. In tropics at low elevation little mixing
  • salinity varies among lakes
  • spring and fall get lot of mixing, renews oxygen and nutrients
17
Q

What is primary production

A
  • primary production: fixation of energy (production of new organic matter) by autotrophs in an ecosystem
18
Q

photosynthesis

A
  • ultimate source of energy for most heterotrophs
19
Q

trophic level

A
  • position in a food web determined by the number of energy transfers from primary producers to current level
20
Q

terrestrial primary production

A
  • terrestrial primary production: generally limited by temperature and moisture. high rates generally occur under warm moist conditions. However soil fertility can also explain differences in terrestrial primary productivity
21
Q

Control of primary production via trophic cascades

A
  • bottom-up control: primary production affected by physical and chemical factors like temperature and nutrients
    -top-down control: primary production affected by consumers
22
Q

energy flow through trophic levels

A
  • energy losses limit the number of trophic levels in ecosystems
  • as energy is transferred from one trophic level to another (trophic dynamics) energy is degraded
    - limited assimilation and consumption
    - consumer respiration
    - heat production
  • ecological efficiency: the % of energy transferred from one trophic level to the one above it
  • energy quality decreases with each successive trophic level
  • pyramid shaped energy distribution
23
Q

oceans: polar caps glaciers: freshwater

A

97-2-1

24
Q

Describe how seasonality affects lakes

A
  • spring and fall get a lot of mixing, renews oxygen and nutrients
  • this is due to vertical mixing of water column
25
Q

Oligotrophic vs Eutrophic Lake

A
  • oligotrophic: well-mixed lakes, lot of oxygen, cool temperatures, low biological productivity, steep bottom
    -eutrophic: high productivity, low oxygen, warmer temperatures, shallow bottom
26
Q

What is an autotroph?

A
  • autotroph: organism that can synthesize organic molecules using inorganic molecules (CO2) and energy (light or inorganic molecules)
27
Q

what is gross primary production?

A
  • gross primary production: total amount of energy fixed by autotrophs
28
Q

What is net primary production?

A
  • net primary production: amount of energy leftover after autotrophs have met their metabolic needs, amount available to consumers
29
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

-heterotroph: organism that uses organic molecules both as source of carbon and energy

30
Q

Aquatic primary production

A
  • aquatic primary production: generally limited by nutrient availability. In marine systems, highest rates by marine phytoplankton are generally concentrated in areas with higher levels of nutrient availability
  • open ocean tends to be nutrient poor
  • vertical mixing main nutrient source but not so much in tropical oceans
31
Q

How does energy flow through the trophic levels?

A
  • energy losses limit the number of trophic levels in ecosystems
  • as energy is transferred from one trophic level to another energy is degraded
    • limited assimilation and consumption
    • consumer respiration
    • heat production
  • ecological efficiency is the percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the one above it
  • energy quality decreases with each successive trophic level
  • pyramid shaped energy distribution
32
Q

Describe energy flow in a forest

A
  • 99% of solar energy unavailable for use by second trophic level
  • of the net primary production eaten by consumers - 96% lost as consumer respiration (not much left for 3rd trophic level
  • as energy losses between trophic levels accumulate, eventually there is insufficient energy left to support a viable population at a high trophic level
  • ecosystems store some energy in the form of dead organic matter and biomass but most energy flows through

BIOL 214 (7 decks)

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