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cell bio cumulative > Lecture 5- Cytomotility > Flashcards

Lecture 5- Cytomotility Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What triggers cytomotility?

A

transmembrane receptors (cell surface receptors) from the external environment
eg. hormones, growth factors, bacterial peptides.

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2
Q

What happens when cytomotility occurs?

A

calcium is released.
actin polymerization occurs bc it is dependent on calcium.
shape change occurs with movement

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3
Q

What are the two types of migration responses?

A

chemotaxis and heptotaxis.

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4
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

(White blood) cells move up the concentration gradient towards the higher concentration of bacteria in SOLUTION.
-has to do with wound fluid
-macrophages migrating toward bacterial proteins
(better explanation in notes)

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5
Q

What is haptotaxis?

A

after chemotaxis, bound factors (INSOLUBLE peptides) are left behind and the skin cells move up a HIGHER concentration gradient to be able heal the wound.

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6
Q

What is the difference between chemotaxis and haptotaxis

A

THE DIFF IS THE STIMULUS
chemotaxis: attractive factor IN SOLUTION (soluble)
haptotaxis: INSOLUBLE factors bound to a surface (peptides)

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7
Q

What are the roles of the cytoskeleton?

A

amoeboid motility.
metastasis
infection clearing
wound healing

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8
Q

What is amoeboid motility?

A

cell movement in response to chemotaxis or hepatotaxis
-mostly actin based mechanism
-sometimes membrane extension from microtubule.
allows for wound healing and metastasis

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9
Q

What type of cells occur in wound healing?

A

WBC and Skin cells. epithelial and fibroblast migration.

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10
Q

What type of cells occur in metastasis?

A

cancer cells migrate beyond tumor through connective tissue, through vessel then back through connective tissue.

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11
Q

What occurs in both phagocytosis and wound healing?

A

WBC

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12
Q

What occurs in infection clearing?

A

WBC migration to infection.

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13
Q

What is treadmilling?

A

microfilament movement (actin)
polymerization/ depolymerization
results- extends stress fibers and membrane pushed forward

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14
Q

Where does treadmilling occur?

A

in any migratory cell
whether it is chemotaxis or heptotaxis, you will get treadmilling or ameboid movement.

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15
Q

What is PAR?

A

protrusion, attachment, retraction

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16
Q

What does the P in PAR stand for?

A

protrusion- extension
-results in treadmilling
-gets you filopodia (narrow shape) and lamellipodia (flat shape)

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17
Q

What does the A in PAR stand for?

A

Attachment- connection
filopodia and lamellipodia make contact on (adhesion plaque=focal contact)
-accessory proteins (vinculin and talin) then have a complex interaction with integrin dimers on extracellular surface which makes them interact with the external enviroment.
-stress fibers are made out of microfilaments here.

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18
Q

What does the R in PAR stand for

A

Retraction- Release.
causes detachment from substrate.
adhesion plaque disassembly & dependent on microfilament depolymerization

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19
Q

What is an adhesion plaque?

A

transmembrane interaction between extracellular matrix and actin cytoskeleton

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20
Q

What is focal contact?

A

underlying substrate

21
Q

Where does adhesion plaque disassembly have to be in order for retraction to occur?

A

in the trailing end of the microfilament.

22
Q

What are the two transient structures in intracellular movement of microfilaments?

A

contractile rings and vesicle movement (myosin-1)

23
Q

What are contractile rings?

A

wrap around the midpoint of the cell to accomplish cytokinesis.

24
Q

What is vesicle movement?

A

actin filament is always attached to a myosin I motor protein.

25
Q

What happens when the vesicle reaches the cell membrane

A

myosin-I walks along the microfilament, the vesicle moves too, and releases its contents causing secretion and excretion.

26
Q

How is filopodia and phagocytosis used in intracellular movement of a microfilament?

A

filopodia is used for movement and phagocytosis is used for extension. occurs upon stimulus but sometimes stimulus not available.

27
Q

What is a stable structure?

A

a sarcomere for muscle contraction

28
Q

In the stable structure of a sarcomere, what is included?

A

long term association of actin and MYOSIN 2 (II) PROTEIN.
allows for stability, gives muscle repeated ability to contract.

29
Q

What two motor proteins are needed for organelle movement in a microtubule?

A

kinesins (+ extracellular) and dyenins (- intracellular)

30
Q

What is the Microtubule network considered to be?

A

bidirectional

31
Q

What are motor proteins considered to be?

A

unidirection, they only move ONE WAY.

32
Q

How is organelle movement done with a microtubule?

A

motor proteins form a bridge between the organelle and the microtubule.

33
Q

What are the 3 types of transient in a microtubule?

A

membrane extension, chromosome separation, and organelle movement.

34
Q

What is membrane extension in a microtubule?

A

need polymerization on the + end of microtubule.

35
Q

How can you get chromosome separation of microtubule?

A

coordination of polymerization at the midline and depolymerization at the pole of the mitotic spindle.

36
Q

How can you get organelle movement in a microtubule?

A

require motor proteins kinesins (+) and dyneins (-)

37
Q

What affect does taxol have on the mitotic spindle?

A

it would stabilize the polymer
more polymerization built up the less seperation. LESS CHROMOSOME SEPARATION.

38
Q

what is stable in a microtubule?

A

flagella and cilia. stable membrane extensions with stable microtubule assemblies.

39
Q

What is needed for motor proteins to make a bridge between the organelle and the microtubule?

A

ATP!

40
Q

what happened to the mouse when it was just missing 1 of the 14 kinesins bc of mutation

A

it had defective transport and synapse dysfunction.

41
Q

Kinesins are towards what?

A

(+)the tip of the microtubule,
involves: receptors and transmitters

42
Q

dyneins are towards what?

A

(-) towards cell body.
involves: cell membrane vesicles (retrograde transport- transport of vesicles)

43
Q

What is the importance of motor associated proteins?

A

hyperphosphorylated tau in alzheimers
decrease microtubule instability
decrease axonal transport- neuron function.

44
Q

What do cilia and flagella both have to do with?

A

the ring of the microtubule and motor protein dyenin.

45
Q

What is the function of cilia in a microtubule?

A

MOVES THE fluid over cell surface. respiratory epithelial cell

46
Q

What is the function of flagella in a microtubule?

A

movement propels THROUGH fluid.
sperm cell.

47
Q

where did they find taste receptors in the experiment using microtubules?

A

on cilia membrane

48
Q

What was the chemical response experiment with cilia and the taste receptors (transmembrane proteins).

A

cells that were exposed to bitter compounds.
INCREASED intracellular calcium levels
which
INCREASE CILIA BEATING
helpful in cystic fibrosis :)

cell bio cumulative (3 decks)

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