Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Pathophyisology: Midterm > Lecture 5: CV Pathophysiology III > Flashcards

Lecture 5: CV Pathophysiology III Flashcards

1
Q

ease with which a structure can be stretched; change in volume over change in pressure

A

compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure; indicates compliance (if high –> compliance low)

A

pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MAP = ?

A

DP + 1/3(SP-DP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

R = ?

A

8nL/pi*r^4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What metabolites cause vasodilation?

A

increased CO2, H+, and K+

decreased O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vasodilator released by endothelium continuously; can be inhibited when endothelium is damaged

A

nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

local inflammatory mediators

A

prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when NO and prostaglandin is inhibited, this is released from endothelium to cause smooth muscle vasodilation

A

EDHF (endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

produced by endothelium; causes vasoconstriction; stimulated via thrombin, angiotensin II, and epi

A

Endothelin-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What hormones cause vasoconrtsiction and where do they originate?

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine - adrenal medulla
vasopressin/ADH - posterior pituitary
angiotensin II - circulating precursor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some demographics of hypertension?

A
  • more common in african americans

- more common in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is essential hypertension?

A

etiology unknown; 90-95% of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

hypertension that has an underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the ranges for prehypertension?

A

systolic: 120-139
diastolic: 80-89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the ranges for stage I hypertension?

A

systolic: 140-159
diastolic: 90-99

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the ranges for stage II hypertension?

A

systolic: >160
diastolic: >100

17
Q

Why are women at lower risk of hypertension then men?

A

androgen (male sex hormone) makes the renin-angiotensin system less responsive to BP changes

18
Q

What affect does hypertension have on the heart?

A
  • increased after load
  • left ventricular hypertrophy
  • increased stiffness of ventricular wall (inhibits filling)
  • blood back-up
  • interferes with cardiac contractility; SV decreases
19
Q

when renal blood vessels become infiltrated with hyaline material, occluding the lumen

A

hypertension-induced nephropathy

20
Q

How does hypertension affect the kidney?

A

decreased blood flow to kidneys initiates renal responses that increase blood volume

21
Q

How does hypertension affect the eyes?

A

small retinal vessels can burst, causing hemorrhage and blurred vision

22
Q

What can you do to treat hypertension?

A
  • weight loss
  • exercise
  • decrease sodium and alcohol intake
  • increase potassium/calcium and antioxidant intake
  • stress management
  • diuretics
  • symptholytic agents
  • beta blockers - slow HR
  • calcium channel blockers
  • ACE inhibitors
  • direct vasodilators (usually take with beta blocker)
23
Q

atherosclerosis that occurs in vessels outside the brain and the heart

A

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

24
Q

a single layer of endothelial cells plus layer of connective tissue

A

intima

25
Q

smooth muscle in connective tissue matrix

A

media

26
Q

connective tissue plus blood vessels that supply the artery

A

adventitia

27
Q

What are the phases of atherosclerotic lesion development?

A
  1. fatty streak - area of yellowing discoloration resulting from sub epithelial foam cells containing lipids
  2. fibrous plaque - accumulation of lipoprotein in the intimate causes injury and attracts inflammatory cells; foam cells are produced and release cytokines, PDGF, and recruit smooth muscle cells
  3. fibrous plague grows until it occludes blood flow
28
Q

What are the factors of metabolic syndrome?

A
  • abdominal obesity (waist circumference of >35-40 inches)
  • triglyceride levels >150 mg/dL
  • HDL 110 mg/dL
29
Q

What is abdominal obesity associated with?

A

insulin resistance, hyperinsulemia, glucose intolerance

30
Q

high cholesterol LDL and triglycerides, low HDL

A

dyslipidemia

31
Q

How do different fats affect plasma lipids?

A

polyunsaturated fats - promote HDL

saturated and trans fat - promote LDL

32
Q

drugs that lower LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL levels

A

statin drugs

33
Q

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?

A
  • rupture of fibrous plaque
  • calcification of plaque
  • hemorrhage
  • thrombosis/embolism
  • aneurism

Human Pathophyisology: Midterm (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions