Lecture 5 - Bullying Flashcards
What is bullying?
STOP (several times on purpose)
Aggressive, intentional act or behaviour which repeatedly and deliberately
What are the core elements of bullying?
Double IR (intentional, imbalanced and repeated)
How does Vaillancourt, Hymel & McDougall 2003 define bullying?
‘Bullying is a subtype of aggressive behaviour in which the perpetrator exerts power over a weaker victim through various means including physical size or strength, age or psychological advantage, and which is repeated over time’.
What are the forms of bullying?
Direct x2
Indirect
cyberbullying
What type of bullying is more common?
Verbal bullying twice as common as physical bullying - Craig & Pepler 1997
What type of bullying is more common amongst girls?
Relational bullying is more common among girls - Crick & Nelson 2002
What percentage of BAME students experience bullying?
33% (Compared to white 26% and other 30%)
What is the cognitive dimension explanation for bullying?
Those doing the bullying are deficient in understanding others’ mental states and deficient in judgement. Those being bullied may become numb to social cues
What is victimisation theory?
eg a child being hit in the back by a football – how is this construed?
- Accident?
- Intentional?
- Personal?
Why do young people think bullying occurs?
looks (24%) overall, 14% overall dont know, and all other reasons are all 3% overall
What is the affective dimension - theory of mind?
Theory of mind develops around age three when the real can be separated from the imagined and can be used for prosocial and antisocial behaviour.
There does appear to be evidence of theory of mind deficits in some cases.
What research supports the ToM in bullys?
A longitudinal twin study assessed 12 year olds on levels of bullying, and found a relationship with earlier measures of TOM at 5 years. Shakoor et al 2012.
What theory contradicts the idea that bullys have ToM deficits?
bullies may in fact have greater socio-cognitive reasoning skills. Sutton et al 1999. Smith 2017 suggests it is actually the victims who may be deficient in such skills.
What is the Ecological perspective for bullying?
High conflict within the home: We learn from our environment, eg. Parenting styles: Aggression and emotional hostillity -,eg condoning ‘fighting back’
What research supports the Ecological perspective?
Authortarian parenting (excessive control, abusive parting practices, poor communication) correlating with bullying (Saleg, Hapsah, Krisnawati & Erfina 2021).
What is homophily?
(‘birds of a feather flock together’ )– choices of identifying with chosen groups which nests a self-concept (eg of race, sex and sexual affiliation),
What is attraction theory?
is itcool to be tough? Bullies can be popular.
What is domonance theory?
certain groups of higher status. Social stratification seen around entrance to secondary school (year seven).
What is Social domonance theory?
Dominance displays - social stratification and friendship groupings: Little cross-gender bullying
How many peers are involved in playground bullying?
85%
how much of peers time is spend reinforcing bullying by actively watching?
54%
How much of peers time is spent actively supporting bullys?
21%
How much of peers time was spent intervening on behald of the victims?
25%
How many peer interventions were succesful in stopping bullying?
75%
Who researched the peer group culture and all those stats?
O’Connell et al 1990
Who is the assistant in bullying?
joins in and assists the person doing the bullying
Who is the reinforcer in bullying?
does not actively attack the victim but provides positive feed back to the person bullying [bystander]
Who is the defender in bullying?
shows anti-bullying behaviour – comforting the victim; taking sides with them and trying to stop the bullying
who is the outsider in bullying?
stays away not taking sides with anyone - allows bullying to continue by silent approval
What is the passive unconstuctive response?
ignores the behaviour but meets the bully’s demands
What is the passive constructive response?
exiting quickly from a bullying situation and seeking support from peers (may disable a victim)
What is the assertive response to bullying?
a pupil calmly refuses to comply with demands and fails to reinforce bullying behaviour (most successful) [Difficult in cyber context].
What is the bystander effect?
A person who does not actively become involved in a situation where someone else requires help
What is the diffusion of responsibility?
As the number of bystanders increases the likelihood that someone will intervene to stop the situation decreases.
How does a crowd affect bullying?
Bullying frequently occurs in the presence of peers but the actions of those peers more often encourage the bullying than stop it. An audience provides positive reinforcement
The increases in arousal may encourage others children to become involved. Olweus 1991.
What is a microsystem?
patterns of social relating where child is directly involved
What is a mesosystem?
relationships between different systems where a child inhabits- e.g. home and schools
What is the exosystem?
indirect influence upon child’s experience – e.g. school policies
What is the macrosystem?
wider cultural, societal context
