Lecture 5 - Bullying

Question 1

What is bullying?

Answer 1

STOP (several times on purpose)
Aggressive, intentional act or behaviour which repeatedly and deliberately

Question 2

What are the core elements of bullying?

Answer 2

Double IR (intentional, imbalanced and repeated)

Question 3

How does Vaillancourt, Hymel & McDougall 2003 define bullying?

Answer 3

‘Bullying is a subtype of aggressive behaviour in which the perpetrator exerts power over a weaker victim through various means including physical size or strength, age or psychological advantage, and which is repeated over time’.

Question 4

What are the forms of bullying?

Answer 4

Direct x2
Indirect
cyberbullying

Question 5

What type of bullying is more common?

Answer 5

Verbal bullying twice as common as physical bullying - Craig & Pepler 1997

Question 6

What type of bullying is more common amongst girls?

Answer 6

Relational bullying is more common among girls - Crick & Nelson 2002

Question 7

What percentage of BAME students experience bullying?

Answer 7

33% (Compared to white 26% and other 30%)

Question 8

What is the cognitive dimension explanation for bullying?

Answer 8

Those doing the bullying are deficient in understanding others’ mental states and deficient in judgement. Those being bullied may become numb to social cues

Question 9

What is victimisation theory?

Answer 9

eg a child being hit in the back by a football – how is this construed?
- Accident?
- Intentional?
- Personal?

Question 10

Why do young people think bullying occurs?

Answer 10

looks (24%) overall, 14% overall dont know, and all other reasons are all 3% overall

Question 11

What is the affective dimension - theory of mind?

Answer 11

Theory of mind develops around age three when the real can be separated from the imagined and can be used for prosocial and antisocial behaviour.
There does appear to be evidence of theory of mind deficits in some cases.

Question 12

What research supports the ToM in bullys?

Answer 12

A longitudinal twin study assessed 12 year olds on levels of bullying, and found a relationship with earlier measures of TOM at 5 years. Shakoor et al 2012.

Question 13

What theory contradicts the idea that bullys have ToM deficits?

Answer 13

bullies may in fact have greater socio-cognitive reasoning skills. Sutton et al 1999. Smith 2017 suggests it is actually the victims who may be deficient in such skills.

Question 14

What is the Ecological perspective for bullying?

Answer 14

High conflict within the home: We learn from our environment, eg. Parenting styles: Aggression and emotional hostillity -,eg condoning ‘fighting back’

Question 15

What research supports the Ecological perspective?

Answer 15

Authortarian parenting (excessive control, abusive parting practices, poor communication) correlating with bullying (Saleg, Hapsah, Krisnawati & Erfina 2021).

Question 16

What is homophily?

Answer 16

(‘birds of a feather flock together’ )– choices of identifying with chosen groups which nests a self-concept (eg of race, sex and sexual affiliation),

Question 17

What is attraction theory?

Answer 17

is itcool to be tough? Bullies can be popular.

Question 18

What is domonance theory?

Answer 18

certain groups of higher status. Social stratification seen around entrance to secondary school (year seven).

Question 19

What is Social domonance theory?

Answer 19

Dominance displays - social stratification and friendship groupings: Little cross-gender bullying

Question 20

How many peers are involved in playground bullying?

Answer 20

85%

Question 21

how much of peers time is spend reinforcing bullying by actively watching?

Answer 21

54%

Question 22

How much of peers time is spent actively supporting bullys?

Answer 22

21%

Question 23

How much of peers time was spent intervening on behald of the victims?

Answer 23

25%

Question 24

How many peer interventions were succesful in stopping bullying?

Answer 24

75%

Question 25

Who researched the peer group culture and all those stats?

Answer 25

O’Connell et al 1990

Question 26

Who is the assistant in bullying?

Answer 26

joins in and assists the person doing the bullying

Question 27

Who is the reinforcer in bullying?

Answer 27

does not actively attack the victim but provides positive feed back to the person bullying [bystander]

Question 28

Who is the defender in bullying?

Answer 28

shows anti-bullying behaviour – comforting the victim; taking sides with them and trying to stop the bullying

Question 29

who is the outsider in bullying?

Answer 29

stays away not taking sides with anyone - allows bullying to continue by silent approval

Question 30

What is the passive unconstuctive response?

Answer 30

ignores the behaviour but meets the bully’s demands

Question 31

What is the passive constructive response?

Answer 31

exiting quickly from a bullying situation and seeking support from peers (may disable a victim)

Question 32

What is the assertive response to bullying?

Answer 32

a pupil calmly refuses to comply with demands and fails to reinforce bullying behaviour (most successful) [Difficult in cyber context].

Question 33

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 33

A person who does not actively become involved in a situation where someone else requires help

Question 34

What is the diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 34

As the number of bystanders increases the likelihood that someone will intervene to stop the situation decreases.

Question 35

How does a crowd affect bullying?

Answer 35

Bullying frequently occurs in the presence of peers but the actions of those peers more often encourage the bullying than stop it. An audience provides positive reinforcement
The increases in arousal may encourage others children to become involved. Olweus 1991.

Question 36

What is a microsystem?

Answer 36

patterns of social relating where child is directly involved

Question 37

What is a mesosystem?

Answer 37

relationships between different systems where a child inhabits- e.g. home and schools

Question 38

What is the exosystem?

Answer 38

indirect influence upon child’s experience – e.g. school policies

Question 39

What is the macrosystem?

Answer 39

wider cultural, societal context