Lecture 5 - Brain Anatomy

Question 1

Neuraxis

Answer 1

Line along length CNS

Question 2

Anterior

Answer 2

Front

Question 3

Posterior

Answer 3

Behind

Question 4

Superior

Answer 4

Above

Question 5

Inferior

Answer 5

Below

Question 6

Rostral

Answer 6

Towards beak

Question 7

Caudal

Answer 7

Towards tail

Question 8

Dorsal

Answer 8

Towards back

Question 9

Ventral

Answer 9

Towards belly

Question 10

Lateral

Answer 10

Away from midline

Question 11

Medial

Answer 11

Towards midline

Question 12

Interneuron vs projection neuron (CNS)

Answer 12

Interneuron: axon stays local
Projection neuron: axon goes out

Question 13

Axons of motor neurons vs of sensory neurons (PNS)

Answer 13

Motor neurons: axons = efferent fibers (away from CNS)
Soma-> spinal cord

Sensory neurons: axons = afferent fibers (towards CNS)

Question 14

Contralateral

Answer 14

Structures on opposite side of body

Question 15

Ipsilateral

Answer 15

Structures on same side of body (taste & smell)

Question 16

Superficial

Answer 16

Close to surface, exterior

Question 17

Deep

Answer 17

Far away from surface, interior

Question 18

Proximal

Answer 18

Nearby

Question 19

Distal

Answer 19

Far away

Question 20

Brain nuclei

Answer 20

Collection of neurons in brain clustered together serve same function

Question 21

3 meninges (protective connective tissues around brain)

Answer 21

1) pia mater (inner layer) - blood vessels
2) arachnoid membrane (middle layer)
- soft & spongy, web-like appearance
3) dura mater (outer layer) - thick, tough, unstretchable tissue

Subarachnoid space (b/w pia mater & arachnoid membrane - CSF

Question 22

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 22

Made by Choroid plexus in each brain ventricles
-flows through subarachnoid space around brain & spinal cord until blood

Question 23

Spinal Cord

Answer 23

Distribute motor fibers to effector organs (glands & muscles)
Collect somatosensory info to pass on to brain
Reflexive control circuits

Question 24

Somatic PNS

Answer 24

Interacts with external environ.

Question 25

Autonomic PNS

Answer 25

Internal environ.

Question 26

Hindbrain (4th ventricle)

Answer 26

1) Medulla oblongata: Autonomic functions (heart rate, blood flow, breathing, vomiting, sneezing) -> Area postrema: blood-brain barrier -poisons detected, initiate vomiting -> reticular formation: sleep & arousal 2) Pons: -> relays info b/w cerebrum & cerebellum -> hearing, balance, taste, sensations & movements of face 3) Cerebellum: motor control -> coordination, precision, accurate timing of movement -> motor learning during body growth & change

Question 27

Midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)

Answer 27

1) Tectum: 2 pairs of bumps on dorsal surface -> 2 top bumps: superior colliculi (orienting to peripheral vision) -> 2 bottom bumps: inferior colliculi (orienting unexpected sounds) 2) Tegmentum: species-typical movements -> process pain & behavioural responses to threats

Question 28

Forebrain (3rd ventricle)

Answer 28

1) Thalamus: relay ascending sensory info to diff regions of cerebral cortex 2) Hypothalamus: behaviours for survival (4F) -> body temp, hunger, sleep-wake -> link with endocrine system (hormones into blood)

Question 29

Forebrain (lateral ventricle)

Answer 29

1) Cerebral cortex: attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language -> Frontal lobe: controls movement -> parietal lobe: processes touch -> occipital lobe: processes visual -> temporal lobe: processes auditory -> insular cortex: taste -> piriform cortex: Smell Sensory Association Cortex: perception & memory 2) Basal ganglia: intentional movements, motivation, reinforcement learning, habits 3) Limbic system: emotions & episodic memories -> cingulate cortex: interconnect limbic system, overlies corpus callosum -> hippocampus: episodic memory -> amygdala: emotions (fear)