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biol108 > lecture 5 and 6 > Flashcards

lecture 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what do cell junctions do

A

stick cells together - tight or loose, connected to fibres that make up the cytoskeleton

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2
Q

what do specialised junctions do

A

speed up the transfer of material between cells

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3
Q

what are tight junctions

A

seal two cells together, liquid cannot move e.g. skin

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4
Q

what are desmosomes

A

join cells but have a gap (flexible)

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5
Q

where is epithelial tissue found

A

surfaces exposed to internal fluids or environment, cover body surfaces and line body cavities e.g. lymph

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6
Q

where is cuboidal epithelium found

A

lines kidney tubules and ovary surfaces

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7
Q

where is columnar epithelium found

A

GIT - microvilli lines the surface to help absorption

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8
Q

where is squamous epithelium found

A

lines blood vessels/air sacs

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9
Q

what is the basement membrane

A

joins the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

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10
Q

what is the outer skin layer made of

A

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium (strength)

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11
Q

what do glands do

A

secrete chemical products

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12
Q

what do exocrine glands do

A

secrete products into ducts or tubes - produce mucus, saliva or oils

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13
Q

what do endocrine glands do

A

secrete hormones into body fluids

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14
Q

what does connective tissue do

A

binds tissues and have roles in protecting, strengthening, supporting, binding tissues and fat storage

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15
Q

does connective tissue touch each other

A

generally not in contact, separated by matrix (non-connective) e.g. elastin/collagen fibres which are reticulated

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16
Q

what do fibroblasts do

A

secrete collagen and elastin fibres - modified polysaccharides

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17
Q

example of something made from CT

A

the umbilical chord - needs flexibility and strength as it needs to protect vascular connection

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18
Q

5 types of CT

A

fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue and blood

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19
Q

what is fibrous tissue made of and where is it found

A
  • made of fibroblasts and the secretions

- found in dense tissues such as tendons and ligaments

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20
Q

what is hyaline cartilage made of and where is it found

A

its white and found in the nose and ear - elastic present but more in ear than nose

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21
Q

what is fibrocartilage made of and where is it found

A

has collagen fibres and is found in as pads between load bearing joints e.g. knee

22
Q

what is bone made out of

A

matrix of collagen and protein fibres with deposited calcium salts, has strength and rigidity with some flexibility

23
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

protection and energy storage, found under the skin for insulation
FATTY TISSUE

24
Q

role of blood

A

transports nutrients and gases, regulates temp/pH/salt and has a role in fighting infection

25
Q

3 substances of blood

A
  • RBC: transport oxygen using haemoglobin
  • WBC: fight infection with antibodies or by phagocytosing pathogens
  • platelets: cell fragments important in blood clotting
26
Q

what does muscular tissue do

A

move parts of body by contraction and relaxation

27
Q

how do muscles work

A

filaments of protein (actin and myosin) slide past each other

28
Q

3 types of muscles

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

29
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to skeleton by CT (tendon), under voluntary control
  • cells with multiple nuclei
  • striations (arrangement of actin and myosin)
30
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • lines the digestive system, arteries and uterus and involuntary
  • long tapered cells, single nuclei, forms walls of hollow internal organs (stomach)
  • moves food with contractions (peristalsis)
31
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • found in the heart, communication channels ensure muscle cells contract in unison
  • branching striated cells with single cells
  • end of every cell = intercalated disk which synchronises contraptions and generates heart beat
32
Q

what are loose junctions

A

have gaps (gap junctions) - channels

33
Q

what does nervous tissue do

A

relays information about conditions in and outside the body

34
Q

what is nervous tissue made of

A

neurons and neuroglial cells

35
Q

what are neurons composed of

A

cell body (nucleus and cytoplasm, dendrites conduct information, axons conduct nervous impulses away)

36
Q

what are neuroglia cells composed of

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial

37
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

synthesise myeline sheath around axons which help insulate

38
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

supply nutrient and secrete nerve growth factors

39
Q

what do microglial do

A

phagocytose cell debris

40
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the interactions of internal systems to maintain stable conditions within the body

41
Q

homeostasis flow chart

A

stimulus - receptor - regulator - effector - response

42
Q

muscular system

A

maintains posture, moves body, generates metabolic heat

43
Q

skeletal system

A

supports/protects, acts as attachment points for muscles, stores calcium/phosphorus, site of RBC production

44
Q

nervous system

A

detects stimuli (external and internal), controls/coordinates responses, integrates/regulates activities of organs, memory and learning

45
Q

cardiovascular system

A

transports nutrients/gases, removes wastes, stabilises temp/pH

46
Q

digestive system

A

injects food/water, breaks down food mechanically and chemically, absorbs products of digestion, eliminates indigestible food residues

47
Q

endocrine system

A

controls body functions using hormones, integrates with nervous system to control activity

48
Q

reproductive system

A

females - produce eggs and forms protective environment for development of new individual
male - produces sperm, transfers to male

49
Q

lymphatic system

A

stores WBC, collects excessive tissue fluids, absorbs fat from digestive system

50
Q

excretory/urinary system

A

maintains composition and volume of blood, excretes excess fluids, removes wastes from blood and excretes these

biol108 (5 decks)

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