Lecture 5 Flashcards
What are producers and consumers?
Producers obtain energy through photosynthesis to gain sunlight/radiant energy (create and store sugar molecules)
Consumers obtain energy differently
- herbivores eat other plants
- carnivores eat other herbivores and other consumers
What is cellular processes?
The chemical reactions that are spontaneous and release energy or use additional energy to be fueled
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
First law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transferred from place to place or transformed in different forms but cannot be broken or created, energy is held constant
What is energy and the two energy learned?
Energy is the ability to do work measured in joules or calories. Two energy is; kinetic energy is the energy of movement and potential energy is the energy used up or trapped up in a system of bonds
Potential energy bonds are within the food molecules which eventually are harnessed for energy. The potential energy that exist in chemical bond and released when broken up is referred to as chemical energy
What are enzymes and the helpers for the enzymes?
Enzymes are mostly protein and are biologically catalysts that speed up the conversion of substrate to final product.
- lowering activation energy and speeding up the process that usually takes longer in normal conditions
enzymes sometime need helpers to activate enzymes; cofactors and coenzymes.
Cofactors are inorganic molecules that fuel the efficient activation of enzyme and coenzymes are organic molecules that optimizes reactions. These both do not change the enzyme regardless of the catalyze reaction is has . External factors determine how well they act and optimize these reactions.
What is cell Metabolism and metabolic pathways?
Chemical reactions that occurs in the cell including those that generate or consume. Metabolic pathways are are series of chemical reactions that yield to a final product. Two type; anabolic pathways that do require energy (growth and maintenance) and catabolic pathways breakdown that do not require energy, it releases energy
Chemical reactions within substrates do what ?
They assimilate into animal tissues or convert into heat.
Chemical reactions energy within substrates do what ? Potential energy in food source diet provide?
They are either transferred to the products or releases; assimilate into animal tissues or converted to heat
Gibbs free energy
Gibbs free energy is the energy transferred in a reactions
+ve products are higher energy, endergonic, not spontaneous
-ve reactants are higher energy, exergonic, spontaneous
What are allosteric regulation?
They are activators or inhibitors decide if substrate should bind or not bind and carry on their activity
What are the ways of acquisition of nutrients?
Nutrient are either ingested by external environment ( consumed) or obtain through the external epithelial surface (passive diffusion)
- nutrients are oxidized to release energy
- some amount of energy is lost
Describe herbivores and the different types
Herbivores are animals who main food source are plants and their digestive system are capable of handling large amounts of plant based materials
- fruuigvores (fruit eaters)
-garnivores (seed eaters)
-nectarvoires (nectar feeders)
- folivores (leaf eaters)
What are carnivores and omnivores?
Carnivores are animals that eat other animals/herbivores
- obligate carnivores (eat only meat)
-facultative carnivores (eat meat but can survive on plants if food sources are scarce)
Omnivores are animals that eat both meat and plant based food sources
One opening and two opening digestive tracts
1) cnidarians, mouth that leads to gastrovascular cavity, lined with epithelial cells, digested in cavity and absorbed by epithelial
2) round worms, mouth two anus with specialized sections, pharynx and intestine, has alimentary canal, long tube through body for food.
Avian digestive system problems?
1) birds do not have teeth, eat things that are complicated
2) hard to extract nutrients
3) require consistent amount of energy for flying
Avian digestive system steps
Food goes into the crop for storage
Goes into the two stomaches
1) proventriculus, responsible for secreting digestive enzymes
2) gizzard responsible for taking chemical juices and does chemical or mechanical digestion (rocks help churns these products)
Flows in small intestine further digestion and bulk or nutrient absorption.
Cecae, three features
1) salt absorption
2) water absorption
3) microbial digestion
Large intestine , water absorption and fecal matter
Refer to slide avian digestion and label it (lecture 5)
Label
