lecture 5 Flashcards
components of parenteral products containers
- Containers and closures are in direct
contact with the product - These are considered “ingredients” of the
product - Glass is arguably the most commonly used
material for containers (gradually being
replaced by plastic) - There are different types of glass: Type I,
Type II, Type III - Use Type I to minimize problems
basic materials used for compounding containers-vials
-glass or plastic
-flip off cap or metal cover protect the rubber stopper but does not guarantee sterility when first exposed (sterile wipe it)
basic materials used for compounding containers-ampuls
-made out of glass
-single use containers
-provide hermetic, uniform containment
basic material used for compounding containers- IV bags
-piggyback contianers
-large volume container
-roll clamp
-one-way check valve
basic materials used for compounding syringes
-luer lok required for hazardous drugs
-luer tip
calibraiton marks
-barrel
-plunger piston
-top collar
-plunger
-flat end
-use the final edge of the plunger piston to read the volume
-accuracy about 1/2 of smallest division
basic materials used for compounding needles
-commercially available in sterile over wrap packing
-many sizes, characterized by two numbers gauge and length
-filter needles are exist and they must be used when using ampules
gauge
refers to diameter of the bore. the higher the gauge the smaller the bore diameter (13-27)
length
the needle shaft from 3/8 to 3.5”
what does it mean that IV is the least forgiving
- Immediate distribution - No line of defense
if something goes wrong - In general, if an excipient is acceptable for
IV injection, it is acceptable for other parenteral routes of administration - But some excipients that are acceptable for parenteral routes such as IM, for example, are totally unacceptable for IV use
IV methods of administration
-bolus (push)
-infusion
IV site of administration
-peripheral vein
-central vein
IV infusion modes of administration
-continuous administration
-intermitted administration
-IV route is characterized by rapid onset of action because there is no absorption step
common venous complications
phlebitis
thrombosis
thrombophlebitis
thrombosis
-formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the vein
-pain
-swelling
-pulmonary embolism
phlebitis
-inflammation from irritation of the tunica intima of the vein
-moderate to severe discomfort
-may take days to months to subside
-limits veins available for future therapy
intramuscular
- Sites of administration and typical maximum volumes of administration:
– Deltoid muscle – about 2 mL
– Thigh – about 5 mL
– Gluteal muscle – about 5 mL - IM route is characterized by an absorption step – onset of action not always faster than the oral route
subcutaneous
-Similar to IM route, except that the volume
administered usually does not exceed 1.5 mL
-Absorption tends to be slower than IM because
of lower vascularization of the tissue
-Infusion by subcutaneous route is called
hypodermoclysis
- Formulation considerations similar to those for
the IM route
what affects the rate of absorption
formulation and physiological factors
intrasinal
intrthecal and epidural
intrathecal
-into the subarachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid
– Bolus administration directly into the CSF
– Continuous administration not recommended
– Meds have higher potency than epidural. No
membranes (dura) to cross; drug goes straight into
the CSF
epidural
-into the space at the thoracic or lumbar level between the dura mater and the vertebral canal
– Bolus or continuous administration
– In neonates – at the caudal level: near the tip of the tailbone (the sacrum) into a small opening (sacral hiatus)
-gauge can matter here
-must be isotonic, have physiological pH, cannot have preservatives
