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Geology lecture 5-8 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Tectonics

A

The forces controlling deformation or structural behavior of a large area of the Earth’s crust over a long period of
time.

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2
Q

Extrabasinal

A

Pre-existing rocks that are deposited. (Out of the basin)

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3
Q

Intrabasinal

A

Rocks that are deposited by chemical precipitates. Carbonate rocks and coal. (Inside the basin)

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4
Q

Continental

A

Environment on land

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5
Q

Transitional

A

Environment between ocean and land

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6
Q

Marine

A

Environment in ocean

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7
Q

Continental Shelf

A

The flooded edge of the continent.

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8
Q

Continental Slope

A

The steeper slope at edge of the continent.

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9
Q

turbidity current

A

A submarine avalanche of sediment and water that speeds down a submarine slope. (UNDERWATER AVALANCHE)

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10
Q

Continental rise

A

the gently sloping surface at the base of the continental slope

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10
Q

Deep Marine Realm

A

The deep ocean floor

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10
Q

Transitional Depositional Environments

A

Environments at or near the transition between the land and the sea.

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10
Q

Deltas

A

the flat, low-lying plain that sometimes forms at the mouth of a river from deposits of sediments.

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10
Q

Beaches and Barrier Islands

A

a coastal landforms

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11
Q

Lagoons/Estuaries

A

Bodies of water on the landward side of barrier islands

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12
Q

Fluvial Environments

A

Braided and meandering river and stream systemsy

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13
Q

Alluvial Fans

A

Fan-shaped
deposits at base
of mountains.

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14
Q

Playa lakes

A

shallow, temporary lakes that form in arid regions They periodically dry up as a result of evaporation

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15
Q

Till

A

Glacial deposit that contain large volumes of unsorted mixtures of
boulders, gravel, sand and
clay

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16
Q

Eolian Environments

A

Sediment deposition primarily governed by wind.

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17
Q

Color of Sedimentary Rocks (BLACK)

A

generally indicates the presence of organic carbon and/or iron in water(Anoxic) environment.

18
Q

Color of Sedimentary Rocks (RED)

A

Indicates the presence of iron oxides. Unusually in well-oxygenated
continental sedimentary
environments.

19
Q

Color of Sedimentary Rocks (GREEN AND GRAY)

A

Indicates the presence of iron, but in a reduced (rather than an oxidized) state.

20
Q

Texture of rock (Fine-grained)

A

Indicate deposition in quiet water.

21
Q

Does it take higher energy to transport large grain?

A

YES

22
Q

Clasts

A

the larger grains in the rock (gravel, sand, silt)

23
Q

Matrix

A

the fine-grained material surrounding clasts (often clay)

24
Q

Cement

A

the “glue” that holds the rocks together

25
Q

Sorting

A

distribution of grain sizes in a rock.

26
Q

Ripple marks

A

Undulations of the sediment surface produced as wind or water moves across sand.

27
Q

Symmetrical ripple marks

A

Ripple marks that are produced by waves

28
Q

Asymmetric ripples

A

form in unidirectional currents

29
Q

Mud cracks

A

A polygonal pattern of cracks produced on the surface of mud as it dries.

30
Q

Planar bedding

A

Beds that are nearly horizontal

31
Q

Major types of sandstone

A

Quartz sandstone, Arkose, Graywacke

32
Q

Quartz sandstone

A
  • Long time in the depositional basin
  • Tectonically stable setting
  • Shallow-water environments
33
Q

Arkose

A

a granular sedimentary rock composed of quartz and feldspar or mica; a feldspathic sandstone.

34
Q

Graywacke

A

a variety of argillaceous sandstone that is highly indurated and poorly sorted.

35
Q

Limestone

A

Calcite / Aragonite

36
Q

Dolostone

A

Dolomite

37
Q

lime mud

A

sediment composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) derived from the skeletal remains of shelled organisms, coral, and calcareous algae and plankton

38
Q

Claystone

A

A very fine-grained rock composed of clay minerals, mica, and quartz grains (<1/256 mm).

39
Q

Shale

A

A very fine-grained rock composed of clay, mud, and silt.

40
Q

Facies

A

The characteristics of a particular rock unit, which we can use to interpret the depositional environment. Each depositional environment grades laterally into other depositional environments.

41
Q

transgression

A

A sea Level Rise

42
Q

Causes of Transgressions

A

Melting of polar ice caps

Displacement of ocean water by undersea volcanism

Localized sinking or subsidence of the land in coastal areas.

43
Q

Regression

A

sea level fall

44
Q

Walther’s Law

A

Sedimentary environments that started out side-by-side will end up overlapping one another over time due to sea level change.

45
Q

2 types of contacts between rocks

A

Conformable and Unconformable

46
Q

Conformable Contacts

A

Conformable contacts between beds of sedimentary rocks may be either:

Abrupt or Gradational`

47
Q

Unconformities

A

are surfaces which represent a gap in the geologic record

Geology lecture 5-8 (4 decks)

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