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CVSOH1 Diagnostic Imaging > LECTURE 5 > Flashcards

LECTURE 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the radiology Roentgen Signs framework points.

A

Size
Shape
Position
Opacity
Margination
Number

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2
Q
  1. How is size measured?
  2. How may an increase in size of LNs, adrenals or uterus show on a radiograph?
  3. How may an increase in size of the liver or stomach show on a radiograph?
  4. How may the spinal cord or ureters show a change in size on a radiograph?
A
  1. Relative to other organs.
  2. They will be apparent where they wouldn’t normally be seen on a radiograph.
  3. By displacement of another organ.
  4. May only be apparent with contrast.
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3
Q
  1. Considerations when looking at the shape of structures on radiograph?
  2. Why may the shape of a structure vary?
A
  1. Need to know normal variants e.g. between breeds and spp.
    Consider radiographic positioning.
  2. One part of a composite structure may change e.g. heart chamber.
    Abnormal tissue may be present e.g. neoplasia, abscess, cyst, periosteal new bone.
    Structure itself may distort e.g. collapsing trachea (often at point of thoracic inlet).
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4
Q
  1. Considerations when assessing position of structure on radiograph?
  2. Why assess position?
A
  1. Know normal relationships between structures.
    Usually requires 2 projections.
  2. Position change of structure important in itself.
    - E.g. joint luxation
    - E.g. rupture/herniation
    Position change indicative of change in another organ
    - E.g. liver/stomach, small intestine, mediastinal structures.
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5
Q

What does opacity of a structure on a radiograph depend on?

A

Tissue density.
Atomic number
Tissue thickness.

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6
Q
  1. List most radiolucent to most radiopaque materials.
  2. Why might there be an increase in radiopacity?
  3. Why might there be a decrease in radiopacity?
  4. What distributions are there for change?
A
  1. Gas > Fat > Soft tissue/fluid > Bone/ teeth > metal
  2. Excess of fluid or soft tissue
    Deposition of bone or calcium
    Foreign body.
  3. Abnormal gas or fat accumulation
    Loss of normal tissue
  4. Diffuse, focal, patchy, homogenous.
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7
Q
  1. With soft tissue calcification, what is seen as normal/incidental?
  2. What would be a dystrophic calcification?
  3. What would be a metastatic calcification?
A
  1. Ageing changes – adrenals in cats (not dogs) and bronchial walls.
  2. Calcification of damaged tissue.
  3. Hypercalcaemia e.g. secondary to neoplasia.
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8
Q
  1. How can margination be described for every structure or lesion?
  2. In what areas can this be useful?
A
  1. Well-defined or poorly-defined.
  2. Abdominal fluid/peritonitis.
    Malignant vs benign bone lesion.
    Pulmonary infiltrate vs mass.
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9
Q

What signs for ultrasound?

A

Number
Position
Size
Shape
Echogenicity
Margination

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10
Q
  1. How will fluid appear on ultrasound?
  2. ” “ fat “ “?
  3. ” “ soft tissues “ “?
A
  1. Anechoic – black
  2. White – Echogenic
  3. variable
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11
Q
  1. Factors that increase echogenicity.
  2. Factors that decrease echogenicity.
A
    • fat
      - glycogen
      - collagen
      -crystalline material
  2. Oedema
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12
Q
  1. Most to least echogenic between liver, kidney and spleen?
  2. Describe echotexture of the normal liver.
  3. Do you see individual lobes?
  4. How do the hepatic veins appear on ultrasound?
  5. How do the portal veins appear on ultrasound?
  6. How does the gall bladder appear?
A
  1. Spleen, liver, kidney.
  2. Coarse but even echotexture.
  3. No, unless fluid in between.
  4. Anechoic
  5. Echogenic walls.
  6. Anechoic, pear-shaped structure that lies to the right of the midline.
    Between quadrate and right medial lobes in dogs and between two parts of the right medial lobe in the cat. May occasionally be duplicated/bilobed (incidental finding).
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13
Q
  1. How would an intrahepatic biliary tree appear on ultrasound?
  2. How would the common bile duct appear on ultrasound?
A
  1. Not usually seen in normal animals.
  2. Usually seen (at least partially) as anechoic tube.
    1-3mm wide in dogs.
    Up to 4mm wide in cats.
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14
Q
  1. How does the echotexture of the spleen compare to the liver?
  2. Describe capsule.
  3. Where would be most anechoic in the spleen and why?
  4. How does the position of the cat spleen differ to a dog spleen?
A
  1. Finer
  2. Smooth and well-defined – only really seen if perfectly perpendicular to the probe.
  3. Hilum – anechoic vessels converge here.
  4. Small and dorsally located.
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15
Q

Normal findings on ultrasound of stomach?

A

Characteristic 5-layer appearance to stomach wall.
Rugal folds evident, esp when stomach empty.
– tend to flatten/become less obvious when stomach distended.

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16
Q

Normal findings on s intestine on ultrasound.
General position of duodenum?

A

Identify duodenum and ileum from their location and adjacent structures – duodenum from the stomach and the ileum to the caecum and colon.
Cannot follow jejunum from start to finish due to looping and gas contained.

Duodenum = Right dorsal body wall.

17
Q
  1. How does the colon wall compare to the s intestinal wall?
  2. ” “ diameter “ “?
  3. What does the colon typically contain?
A
  1. Thinner.
  2. Larger.
  3. Gas or faeces – gas causes shadowing.
18
Q

How does the appearance of kidneys on ultrasound differ to on radiograph?

What can be seen in cats’ kidney cortexes on ultrasound?

A

Can see internal architecture on ultrasound and cannot on radiograph.

Can be more echogenic due to fat deposition.

19
Q
  1. How does the kidney medulla appear on ultrasound?
  2. Why does the renal medulla get separated on ultrasound?
  3. How does the renal sinus appear on ultrasound? and why?
  4. When would the renal pelvis be seen?
A
  1. Hypoechoic to anechoic
  2. Sectioned by echogenic pelvic diverticula and interlobar vessels.
  3. Echogenic due to peripelvic fat.
  4. only when dilated.
20
Q
  1. How does the bladder appear on ultrasound?
  2. How does the bladder wall appear on ultrasound?
A
  1. Pear shaped on long axis, round on short axis, may be indented by a full colon, is anechoic due to urine.
  2. Echogenic double line – inner mucosal interface and outer interface between bladder wall and surrounding tissue. Muscle layers between are hypoechoic.
21
Q
  1. Would you choose one imaging method over another (ultrasound vs radiography).
A
  1. Should use them as complementary techniques and in conjunction with each other. Radiography shows fat and air well but not fluid or soft tissue.
    Ultrasound does not show fat and air well but does show fluid and soft tissue well and allows to distinguish between them.

CVSOH1 Diagnostic Imaging (5 decks)

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