Lecture 5

Question 1

facilitation

Answer 1

encounters between organisms that benefit at least one participant and cause harm to neither

Question 2

physiological stressors on organisms

Answer 2

temperature, salinity, pH, desiccation, devolved oxygen, light

Question 3

physical stressors on organisms

Answer 3

currents, waves, wind

Question 4

biotic stressors on organisms

Answer 4

competition, predation

Question 5

habitat amelioration

Answer 5

reduction of physiological/physical stress

Question 6

associational defense

Answer 6

reduction of predation stress

Question 7

reproach and recruitment enhancement

Answer 7

provision of nutrition enhancement of dispersal and recruitment

Question 8

competition refuge

Answer 8

reduction of competition stress

Question 9

multiple mutualist effects (MMEs)

Answer 9

how multiple mutualist species interact with one another to enhance or detract from positive effects on another mutualist

Question 10

foundation species

Answer 10

habitat-modifying species that form the basis on which entire communities are built

Question 11

Menge-Sutherland model

Answer 11

how the relative importance of factors affecting species density changes with environmental stress

Question 12

gonochorism

Answer 12

type of sexuality where there are separate sexes (male and female)

Question 13

hermaphroditism

Answer 13

type of sexuality where individual has both male and female sex organs active at the same time (simultaneous) OR start life as one sex and later switch to another (sequential)

Question 14

protandrous

Answer 14

male to female

Question 15

protogynous

Answer 15

female to male

Question 16

non-sexual reproduction

Answer 16

pass all genes to the next generation

Question 17

anadramous

Answer 17

spend life at sea, return to fresh water to breed

Question 18

catadromous

Answer 18

spend life in freshwater and go to sea to breed

Question 19

planktotrophic development

Answer 19

larvae which feed on plankton

Question 20

lecithotrophic development

Answer 20

larvae have a short planktonic estate where they complete development while consuming nutrition provided by parent

Question 21

direct development

Answer 21

no planktonic phase, usually some parental protection provided

Question 22

competency

Answer 22

larvae that have developed the ability to metamorphose, may gain the ability to sense and respond to specific cues

Question 23

plankton

Answer 23

individuals that are weak swimmers, position is determined by prevailing currents

Question 24

nekton

Answer 24

strong swimmers, determined their own position in the water column

Question 25

phytoplankton

Answer 25

free floating photosynthetic plants

Question 26

zooplankton

Answer 26

animals

Question 27

bacterioplankton

Answer 27

minute heterotrophic ant autotrophic bacteria

Question 28

virioplankton

Answer 28

smallest plankton organisms

Question 29

holoplankton

Answer 29

organisms that spend their whole life in the plankton

Question 30

meroplankton

Answer 30

portion of their life in the plankton

Question 31

autotrophs

Answer 31

capable of producing their own organic chemicals

Question 32

heterotrophs

Answer 32

must obtain energy from other organisms

Question 33

mixotrophs

Answer 33

capable of making own food and use external food sources

Question 34

diatoms

Answer 34

phytoplankton, SiO2 shells, dominate producers, can occur individually or in chains

Question 35

dinoflagullates

Answer 35

phytoplankton, 2 flagella, lack SiO2, but can be armored and toxic

Question 36

coccolithophores

Answer 36

phytoplankton, very small autotrophs, spherical cells covered with calcareous plates

Question 37

types of zooplankton

Answer 37

protists, ctenophores, cnidarians, annelids, copepods, ostracods, decapods, chaetognaths, salps, larvaceans

Question 38

camouflage

Answer 38

solution to some predation stressors, can become transparent

Question 39

escape and evasion

Answer 39

solution to some predation stressors, potential predators are detected by nerve cells associated with antennules and other structures

Question 40

deterrence

Answer 40

solution to some predation stressors, often mechanical, production of spines for mechanical deterrent

Question 41

long appendages

Answer 41

increases surface area which provides resistance to sinking

Question 42

flattened body shapes

Answer 42

increases surface area which provides resistance to sinking

Question 43

reducing body weight

Answer 43

increases lipid content to increase flotation

Question 44

substitute light ions

Answer 44

for heavy ions in body fluids (SO4 replaces Cl-)

Question 45

pleuston

Answer 45

sea surface

Question 46

neuston

Answer 46

within 10mm of the surface

Question 47

epipelagic

Answer 47

upper 200-300m

Question 48

mesopelagic

Answer 48

200m-1000m

Question 49

primary productivity

Answer 49

rate at which organic compounds are produced by plants

Question 50

gross primary production

Answer 50

total amount of energy fixed by primary producers

Question 51

net primary production

Answer 51

amount of energy available for consumption by herbivores

Question 52

standing crop

Answer 52

biomass, not a rate

Question 53

factors that influence production

Answer 53

temperature, light, hydrology (water movement), nutrients

Question 54

temperate zone

Answer 54

seasonal conditions break down stratification allowing deeper water nutrients to mix into the surface water

Question 55

tropics

Answer 55

permanent thermocline, no way for the nutrient rich bottom water to reach the photic zone expect some upwelling event