Lecture 5 Flashcards
facilitation
encounters between organisms that benefit at least one participant and cause harm to neither
physiological stressors on organisms
temperature, salinity, pH, desiccation, devolved oxygen, light
physical stressors on organisms
currents, waves, wind
biotic stressors on organisms
competition, predation
habitat amelioration
reduction of physiological/physical stress
associational defense
reduction of predation stress
reproach and recruitment enhancement
provision of nutrition enhancement of dispersal and recruitment
competition refuge
reduction of competition stress
multiple mutualist effects (MMEs)
how multiple mutualist species interact with one another to enhance or detract from positive effects on another mutualist
foundation species
habitat-modifying species that form the basis on which entire communities are built
Menge-Sutherland model
how the relative importance of factors affecting species density changes with environmental stress
gonochorism
type of sexuality where there are separate sexes (male and female)
hermaphroditism
type of sexuality where individual has both male and female sex organs active at the same time (simultaneous) OR start life as one sex and later switch to another (sequential)
protandrous
male to female
protogynous
female to male
non-sexual reproduction
pass all genes to the next generation
anadramous
spend life at sea, return to fresh water to breed
catadromous
spend life in freshwater and go to sea to breed
planktotrophic development
larvae which feed on plankton
lecithotrophic development
larvae have a short planktonic estate where they complete development while consuming nutrition provided by parent
direct development
no planktonic phase, usually some parental protection provided
competency
larvae that have developed the ability to metamorphose, may gain the ability to sense and respond to specific cues
plankton
individuals that are weak swimmers, position is determined by prevailing currents
nekton
strong swimmers, determined their own position in the water column
phytoplankton
free floating photosynthetic plants
zooplankton
animals
bacterioplankton
minute heterotrophic ant autotrophic bacteria
virioplankton
smallest plankton organisms
holoplankton
organisms that spend their whole life in the plankton
meroplankton
portion of their life in the plankton
autotrophs
capable of producing their own organic chemicals
heterotrophs
must obtain energy from other organisms
mixotrophs
capable of making own food and use external food sources
diatoms
phytoplankton, SiO2 shells, dominate producers, can occur individually or in chains
dinoflagullates
phytoplankton, 2 flagella, lack SiO2, but can be armored and toxic
coccolithophores
phytoplankton, very small autotrophs, spherical cells covered with calcareous plates
types of zooplankton
protists, ctenophores, cnidarians, annelids, copepods, ostracods, decapods, chaetognaths, salps, larvaceans
camouflage
solution to some predation stressors, can become transparent
escape and evasion
solution to some predation stressors, potential predators are detected by nerve cells associated with antennules and other structures
deterrence
solution to some predation stressors, often mechanical, production of spines for mechanical deterrent
long appendages
increases surface area which provides resistance to sinking
flattened body shapes
increases surface area which provides resistance to sinking
reducing body weight
increases lipid content to increase flotation
substitute light ions
for heavy ions in body fluids (SO4 replaces Cl-)
pleuston
sea surface
neuston
within 10mm of the surface
epipelagic
upper 200-300m
mesopelagic
200m-1000m
primary productivity
rate at which organic compounds are produced by plants
gross primary production
total amount of energy fixed by primary producers
net primary production
amount of energy available for consumption by herbivores
standing crop
biomass, not a rate
factors that influence production
temperature, light, hydrology (water movement), nutrients
temperate zone
seasonal conditions break down stratification allowing deeper water nutrients to mix into the surface water
tropics
permanent thermocline, no way for the nutrient rich bottom water to reach the photic zone expect some upwelling event
