Lecture 5 Flashcards
What is trauma?
bodily injury or shock
What is mechanical injury?
Results from a force or mechanical energy that changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter.
Body tissue contains what properties?
Both viscous and elastic properties. (viscoelastic)
Yield point
Point at which elasticity is almost exceeded
What happens when the yield point is exceeded?
mechanical failure occurs resulting in damage
Tension
force that pulls and stretches tissue
Stretching
pull beyond yield point resulting in damage
Compression
force that results in tissue crush
Shearing
force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue
Bending
force on a horizontal beam that places stress within the structure
What are some inert tissues?
ligaments, skin, cartilage, capsules, fascia, dura mater, and nerve roots
What are some contractile tissues?
muscles and its parts like tendons and bony insertions
How do we get hematoma?
Blood and lymph fluid flow into the surrounding tissue of a contusion.
What can happen with a severe contusion?
Fascia surrounding the muscle ruptures allowing muscle to protrude
What is a common way to get a strain?
Abnormal muscle contraction causes a stretch, rip, or tear to muscle or adjacent tissue
Grade 1 muscle strain
some fibers have been stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on AROM, movement painful but full range present
Grade 2 muscle strain
number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result
Grade 3 muscle strain
Complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage
Clonic muscle spasm
alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession
Tonic muscle contraction
rigid contraction that lasts a period of time
Acute-onset muscle soreness
accompanies fatigue and is transient muscle pain experienced immediately after exercise
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
pain that occurs 24-48 hours following activity that gradually subsides
How do you avoid muscle soreness?
Gradual build up of intensity, static or PNF stretching, and ice within 48-72 hours
Muscle Guarding
Following an injury, muscles within an effected area contract (involuntary) to splint the area in an effort to minimize pain through limitation of motion
Latent trigger point
Does not cause pain, only aware of it when pressure is applied
Active trigger point
Causes pain at rest, jump sign when pressure is applied
moyositis/fascitis/myofascitis
inflammation of muscle tissue and fibrositis
tendinitis/tendonitis
gradual onset with diffuse tenderness due to repeated obvious signs of swelling and pain
tendonosis
a chronic condition that usually starts as tendinitis, no edema present, more common than tendinitis
tenosynovitis
inflammation of synovial sheath
Ectopic calcification (myositis ossificans)
striated muscle becomes chonically inflamed resulting in myositis. can result in muscle that lies directly over above bone.
What is contracture?
abnormal shortening of muscle where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch
What causes fibroblasts influx and increased collagen production?
Repetitive stress on tendon
Are joints moveable? Or immovable?
Both: synarthrotic=immovable
amphiarthrotic=slightly moveable
diarthrotic=freely moveable
What holds bones together?
Fibrous cuff known as a joint capsule
How does the synovial membrane change viscosity?
fast movement-thins fluid
slow movement- fluid thickens
What does articular cartilage do?
provides firm flexible support
Are ligaments strong?
They are strong in the middle but weak at the ends.
Stress on a ligament can lead to what?
Avulsion injury
Where can you find articular disks and what do they do?
in joints that operate in 2 planes of motion. They disperse synovial fluid.
What is a major factor in injury?
viscoelastic properties
What is the result of repeated joint trauma?
Capsulitis
What can develop after the mistreatment of a joint injury?
Synovitis
Osteochondrosis
degenerative changes to epiphysis of bone during rapid child growth
osteoarthritis
wearing away of hyaline cartlage as a result of normal use
periosteum
outer layering of bone that contains nerve endings
Salter-Harris injuries
Skeletal injuries that include epiphyseal conditions
apophyseal injuries
injuries at the site of origin and insertion for muscles
What are 2 common apophyseal injuries?
Sever’s disease and Osgood-Schlatter’s disease
What’s a fancy word for “stingers” caused by direct trauma?
neuropraxia
What are the two main causes of nerve injury?
compression and tension
What is a long term nerve injury?
neuritis
What causes overuse injuries?
abnormal and repetitive stress and microtraumas
What should you do if someone has poor biomechanics?
NOTHING! Unless it causes them problems like pain.
What are your ears made of?
elastic stuff
What is your nasal septum, trachea, or bronchi made of?
Hyaline
What are your menisci made of?
fibrocartilage
What happens with dislocation
loss of limb function
gross deformity
swelling and point tenderness
