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LEC 143 > lecture 4b- macroinvertebrates > Flashcards

lecture 4b- macroinvertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two macro invertebrate food sources in aerobic environments?

A
  • aerobic bacteria

- benthonic periphyton

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2
Q

what is the main invertebrate food source in anaerobic environments?

A

-anaerobic benthic microbes

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3
Q

Give the 8 major types of organic pollution in descending order

A
  • pig slurry
  • cattle slurry
  • effluent drianage from slurry stores
  • dilute dairy parlor and yard wasting
  • milk
  • untreated domestic sewage
  • treated domestic sewage
  • household products
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4
Q

how is organic pollution measured?why?

A

-via the distribution of macroinvertebrates, due to their high sensitivity to pollution

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5
Q

how do high levels of solid particles in rivers impact macro invertebrates?

A

-can clog invertebrate gills, which reduces their ability to obtain oxygen.

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6
Q

what are the impacts of high nutrient inflow on macroinvertebrates?

A

-this causes a boost in microbial acitvity, often leading to algae blooms and eutrophication. This reduces the avaliable food source for macroinvertebrates, as the loss of oxygen causes species to die off

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7
Q

what are the main components of organic pollution?(4)

A

-POC
-DOC
-ammonium
-phosphorous
(you should be able to explain why these are bad for macroinvertebrates)

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8
Q

how is organic pollution controlled? (2)

A
  • via controlling the components of household products (eg. phosphorous free products)
  • controlling the release of treated sewage
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9
Q

what defines macroinvertebrate sensitivity? (when theres lots of organic pollution)

A

-oxygen acquisition

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10
Q

What are the two ways macroinvertebrates acquire oxygen?

A
  • spiracles

- gills

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11
Q

which oxygen acquisition feature is better for oxygen acquisition? why?

A

-spiracles, which are less subject to clogging than gills. This means that they are less impacted by solid particles in the water, and are less likely to be impacted

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12
Q

why are gills bad in polluted rivers?

A
  • they are more subject to clogging than spiracles, especially when located externally and unprotected.
  • this reduces their ability to acquire oxygen
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13
Q

what are the two effects of river sewage on river biota?

A
  • increased suspended solids

- reduced oxygen levels

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14
Q

what are the two impacts of suspended solid inputs from organic sewage?

A
  • clogging of macro invertebrate gills
  • browness of water from humic materials resulting in reduces light penetration and algae photosynthesis. This reduces populations all along the aquatic food web.
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15
Q

what are the impacts of sewage inputs on aquatic system oxygen levels?

A
  • increased microbial activity due to DOC, N and P inputs
  • increase in biomass causes HIGH BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) and macroinvertebrates are often out competed for oxygen sources and die off
  • levels of bacteria and “sewage fungus” increase these use of oxygen
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16
Q

Besides using oxygen, what is the impact of increased sewage fungus on macroinvertebrates?

A

-sewage fungus traps macroinvertebrates within it, causing them to die

17
Q

how do macroinvertebrates respond to unfavourable pollution levels?

A
  • they move

- overcompensate to try and acquire more oxygen, and die

18
Q

what are the forms of macroinvertebrates? (3 forms relating to pollution levels)

A

-clean water sensitive
-midpollution tolerant
severe pollution tolerant

19
Q

why type of larvae are a major proportion of macroinvertebrates?

A

-fly larvae

20
Q

Name the four studied macroinvertebrates lacking a pupa development stage?

A
  • stonefly
  • mayfly
  • damselfly
  • dragonfly
21
Q

what is incomplete when aquatic larvae have no pupa stage?

A

-metamorphism is incomplete

22
Q

why are stone,may,dragon and damselflys sensitive to organic pollution?

A

-they all have gills

23
Q

give description of plecopetra (stoneflys) (tail, gills, protection techniques)

A
  • lives 1-4 years
  • gills at the base of the abdomen and has two pronged tail (identifying characteristic)
  • gills situated at: abdomen, neck and thorax
  • external gills leave them subject to clogging
24
Q

how to plecopetra acquire oxygen? why do they move away from low oxygen sites?

A
  • do “press ups” to bring oxygen towards gills, which causes lots of physical exertion
  • remove themselves in low oxygen conditions as too many press ups could kill them
25
Q

describe ephemeroptera (mayfly) key characteristics

A
  • larvae live fro 1-2 years
  • gills located laterally on the thorax, and highly subject to clogging
  • tail is three pronged and very distinctive
26
Q

why are the baetis mayfly genus less sensitive?

A

-gills are enclosed in casing,protecting the gills from clogging

27
Q

what is the latin name for dragonfly and damselflys?

A

-odonata

28
Q

describe odante

A
  • live for 2-3 years
  • main defense mechanism is chemical cues.as the smell of dead relatives acts as an early warning system for predators and poor water quality
  • dragonflys have no obvious gills or tails, damselflys have obvious three pronged tail
29
Q

how do dragonflys acquire oxygen?

A

via pumping from gills in the oxygen, allowing them to acquire more

30
Q

what type of larve fly undergoes complete metamorphism?

A

-caddisfly

31
Q

give information of caddis flys

A

-5-7 larvae stages
-soft bodies, and inhabit cases
-have gills on trachea so are subject to clogging (external abdomen gills)
feed by producing silk feeding nets that catch prey, but these are also subject to clogging
-different geni have a range of tolerance to different environmental conditions
-75% are cased
-

32
Q

what are the two types of silk nets produced by caddisflys, and which clogs quicker?

A
  • philopatmus (larger, clogs quicker)

- hydropsyche (smaller, clogs slower)

33
Q

Give information on adderflies (Megaloptera). Cover distribution, water tolerance, and gills

A
  • have a pupa stage so fully metamorphose
  • have gills on the ABDOMEN, but these are protected in casing so are less subject to clogging
  • gills used for locomotion
  • protected gills means they are less sensitive, so can be found in regions of poorer water quality
  • no tail
34
Q

what is the difference between true flies and other fly larvae (eg. Mayfly,stone fly). Give an example of true flys

A
  • “non true flies” do not have jointed limbs (look like maggots)
  • DIPETERA
35
Q

What are the three Diptera groups?

A
  • Tipulidae (crane flys)
  • Simuliidae (Black flys)
  • Chironomidae (non biting midges)
36
Q

what type of fly larvae are the most tolerant to organic pollution

A

-diptera

37
Q

describe the characteristics of Tipulidae. Give key identification feature

A
  • -thick worm like maggot
  • functional spiracle with 6 tail like appendages. key identification feature.
  • mosquito eaters
38
Q

describe the characteristics of simuliidae. give key identification characteristic

A
  • black,green,brown,grey in colour

- fat “swelled” bottom key for identification

39
Q

give key characteristics of Chiromomidae.

A
  • larvae up to 30 mm long
  • most tolerant of the diptera larvae
  • tolerant of low oxygen levels (but not anoxic)
  • have spiracles that are not subject to clogging

LEC 143 (14 decks)

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