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Biochem (alex) > Lecture 4B > Flashcards

Lecture 4B Flashcards

1
Q

Energy content of Food in kilocalories

A

Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g
Protein: 4 kcal/g
Fat: 9 kcal/g
Alcohol: 7kcal/g

1 kcal (food calorie) = 4.2 kilojoules

He said on lecture there might be a calculation problem.

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2
Q

Water soluble vitamins

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Water: B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B7 B9 B12 C
Fat: ADEK

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3
Q

Sixteen essential minerals

Major minerals:

Trace minerals:

A

Major: Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg, S
Trace: Fe, I, Zn, Cr, Se, F, Mo, Cu, Mn

Note* these can be lost during food-refining/cooking when they leach into water that is discarded.

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4
Q

Energy requirement in….
Sedentary adults
Moderately active
Very active

A

30 kcal/kg/day
35 kcal/kg/day
40 kcal/kg/day

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5
Q

Thermic effect of food

A

Production of heat during the digestion/absorption of food.

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6
Q

How energy is used in body

A

Resting metabolic rate = 60% (1300 kcal)
Thermic effect of food = 10% (210 kcal)
Physical activity = 30% (630 kcal)

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7
Q

Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)

A

45-65% of their total calories from carbohydrates
20-35% from fats
10-35% from protein

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8
Q

Main causes of death in 2020

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Covid-19
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9
Q

Which nutrient do vegetarians lack the most?

A

Vitamin B12

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10
Q

Which vitamin can be made in sufficient quantities?

A

Vitamin D. From sun.

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11
Q

Which vitamin is the only fat soluble vitamin with a coenzyme function?

A

Vitamin K

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12
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine

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13
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

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14
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

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15
Q

Vitamin B5

A

Pantothenic Acid

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16
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

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17
Q

Vitamin B7

A

Biotin

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18
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Folic Acid

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19
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

20
Q

Vitamin B1 facts

A

Thiamine.

Part of TPP (E1 coenzyme in PDH).
Energy metabolism
Nerve activity / muscle activity.

Deficiency: Beriberi: affects nervous system/cardiovascular.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

21
Q

Vitamin B2 facts

A

Riboflavin

Coenzyme in FMN, FAD

Deficiency:
**Cheilosis (fissuring at corners of mouth)
**Glossitis (tongue appearing smooth and purplish)

$100 this is quiz question.

22
Q

Vitamin B3 facts

A

Niacin

Coenzyme forms NAD and NADP

Deficiency:
Pellagra.

23
Q

No need to know B5 facts.
Vitamin B6 facts:

A

3 forms, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine. Important in AA metabolism.

Pyridoxine is the only water soluble vitamin with significant toxicity.

Dopa -> PLP -> Dopamine

Deficiency: Scaly dermatitis, anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions.

24
Q

Vitamin B7 facts

A

Biotin

Important in carboxylation reactions (acetyl-coa carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis)

Deficiency: Rare.

25
Q

Vitamin B9 facts

A

Folic Acid

Primary coenzyme form is Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Used in DNA synthesis

Deficiency:
Most common vitamin deficiency in US. Pregnant women/alcoholics common.

Anemia, Spina bifida, anencephaly.

26
Q

Vitamin B12 facts

A

Cobalamin

Used in new cell synthesis

Lack of IF (intrinsic factor) leads to pernicious anemia.

Deficiency:
Pernicious anemia (deadly anemia).

27
Q

Vitamin C facts

A

Aids in collagen synthesis, antioxidant, key in hydroxylation reactions.

Deficiency:
Scurvy. Loose teeth, sore spongy gums

28
Q

Vitamin A facts

A

Important in vision.
Retinoids

Deficiency:
Night blindness
Xerophthalmia
Keratomalacia

29
Q

Vitamin D facts

A

AKA Calciferol

Mineralization of bones.

Deficiency:
Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis.
(All defects in bones)

30
Q

Vitamin E facts

A

AKA Tocopherols.

Antioxidant

Deficiency:
Red blood cell breakage, nerve damage.

31
Q

Vitamin K facts

A

AKA Phylloquinone (plants) and Menaquinone (animals)

Functions:
Synthesis of blood clotting proteins, synthesis of bone proteins.

Deficiency:
Hemorrhaging.

32
Q

Sodium facts

A

Maintains normal fluid and elecrolyte balance. Assist in nerve impulse transmission.

Deficiency:

Muscle cramps, muscle apathy, loss of appetite

33
Q

Calcium facts

A

Mineralization of bones and teeth, muscle contraction relaxation.

Deficiency:
Stunted growth in children, osteoporosis (bone loss).

34
Q

Phosphorus facts

A

Mineralization of bones and teeth, important to genetic material.

Deficiency:
Muscle weakness, bone pain.

35
Q

Flouride, Iron, Zn, Cr, Mn, I facts (trace minerals)

A

fluoride: reduces dental carries by 50-60%
Zn, Cr, Mn : sugar metabolism
Fe: part of hemoglobin
Iodine: Goiter may arise from lack of this.

36
Q

Energy balance: 1 pound of fat in how many kcalories?
What is % fat is in body fat?

A

1 lb of fat = 3500 kcal.
Body fat is about 87% fat. Some protein/water.

37
Q

BMI equation. Healthy BMI?

A

BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)^2.

Healthy weight: BMI = 18.5 to 24.9

38
Q

Unit conversions:
1 kg to lbs
1 m to ft
1 m to inches

A

1 kg = 2.2 lbs
1 m = 3 ft 3.37 inches
1 m = 39 inches

39
Q

BMI scale healthy weight, overweight, obese, underweight

A

BMI <18.5 = underweight
BMI 18.5-24.9 = healthy weight
BMI 25-29.9 = overweight
BMI > 29.9 = obese
BMI > 39.9 = extreme obesity

40
Q

How much body weight shud be fat?

A

Young men : 22%.
Men over 40: 25%.
Young women: 32%
Women over 40: 35%

Once over, increased risk for disease

41
Q

Fat distribution in men and women

A

Men tend to have more visceral fat

Women tend to have subcutaneous fat.

42
Q

Waist circumference for men / women indicating obesity

A

Women : greater than 35 inches
Men: greater than 40 inches.

43
Q

Health risks associated with body weight / body fat

A

Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes - type II
Cancer

44
Q

What is leptin and what does it do?

A

Leptin acts as a hormone. Promotes negative energy balance from adipose tissue. Suppresses appetite.

With leptin = thin mouse
Without leptin = fat mouse

45
Q

3 eating disorders and describe each one?

A

Anorexia nervosa: eating disorder characterized by refusal to maintain a normal body weight. Intense fear of gaining weight.

Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder involving binge eating following prevent weight gain such as purging, fasting, throwing up, excessive exercise.

Binge eating disorder: disorder by binge eating, rarely purging.

Biochem (alex) (3 decks)

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