Lecture 4 - Week 2 - Earth Materials Flashcards
What are atoms made of?
Atoms are composed of protons + neutrons (stuck together to form the nucleus) and electrons (in orbit around the nucleus).
_________ are formed of atoms arranged in a crystal lattice
Minerals
This is a “Naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, with a uniform composition, crystal structure, and defined physical properties.”
Mineral
What is a polymorph?
Minerals that have the same composition but different crystal lattice (ie. internal structure).
What is the difference between crystal habit and crystal lattice?
A crystal habit is the visible external form a mineral takes. A crystal lattice is the internal structure.
How is igneous rock formed?
Under the Earth in
Elements are defined by the certain number of protons they have in their nucleus, what is this number called?
Atomic number.
A _____ occurs when two or more atoms interact to
form a molecule or compound
Bond
What are the two types of bonds?
Ionic and covalent
An ionic bond is based on…
exchanged/transfer electrons
A covalent bond…
shared electron
What are two characteristics of extrusive rocks?
Microcrystalline due to quick cooling (ex. obsidian).
Aphanitic refers to…
Igneous rock in which the crystals are so fine that individual minerals cannot be distinguished with the naked eye.
Intrusive rocks form…
…inside the Earth. Large mineral grains because they cool slowly (phaneritic).
Igneous rocks with high _________ and _____________ content are termed felsic.
silica & aluminum
Rocks with high levels of silica and aluminum are ______.
felsic
This clastic type of rock is typically made of sand size grains (1/16 mm to 2mm) grainsare typically composed of quartz, feldspar, and other rock and mineral fragments.
Sandstone
This clastic rock with angular grains
of sizes 2 mm or larger are called…
Breccia
__________________ are clastic rocks made of rounded grains sized 2 mm or larger.
Conglomerate
What are biogenic rocks?
Rocks made from an accumulation of dead plants or animals.
Chalk (ex. White Cliffs of Dover) is formed from…
The skeletons of calcareous nanoplankton
(coccolithophorids)
Rock made from Coccolithophorids is called
Chalk
Formed from the silica rich skeletons of Radiolarians (a type of plankton)
A mix of biogenic and chemical rocks is called…
Chert
