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Neuroscience Exam 2: Nastassia > Lecture 4: Vision-Retinal Processing > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Vision-Retinal Processing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of light?

A

comes through the front of the eye -> lens -> vitreous humor

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2
Q

Where does light perception occur?

A

retina

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3
Q

Where does refraction occur?

A

through the aqueous and vitreous humor

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4
Q

When does actual perceotion occur?

A

when light is absorbed at retinal level at back of the eye

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5
Q

What is the pathway of info being processed?

A

initial retinal ganglion cells -> exits at blindspot/optic disc -> travels back for conscious perception

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6
Q

What is accomodation?

A

depending on near or far vision, the lens is able to change shape so light is refracted at a correct angle to the retina

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7
Q

What are the lens affected when something is far away?

A

get flatter

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8
Q

What are the lens affected when something is closer?

A

become globular

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9
Q

What are the 3 common abnormalities in visual activity?

A
  • normal (emmetropia)
  • nearsighted (myopia)
  • farsighted (hyperopia)
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10
Q

What happens in normal (emmetropia) vision?

A
  • lens accomodates
  • vision comes together at focal point at level of the retina
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11
Q

What happens in nearsighted (myopia) vision?

A
  • lens brings image together too quickly
  • focal point is in front of the retina
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12
Q

What happens in farisghted (hyperopia) vision?

A
  • lens brings image together too slowly
  • focal point behind the retina
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13
Q

What part of the eye has high blood flow?

A

retina

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14
Q

What 2 parts of the eye makeup the center of vision?

A

macula and fovea

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15
Q

What is the optic disc (papilla)?

A
  • blindspot
  • where cells leave the retina to become part of the optic nerve
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16
Q

What is the visual field?

A

what you’re looking at in space

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17
Q

What is the retinal field?

A

how info. is projected onto the retina

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18
Q

How is the retinal field projected? Why?

A

backwards and upside down because of refracted info. in the lens

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19
Q

What are the quadrants of the retina?

A
  • superior/inferior: top/bottom
  • temporal/nasal: lateral/medial
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20
Q

What is the binocular visual field?

A

area of overlap of the left and right eye visual fields

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21
Q

What is the main difference between binocular and monocular visual fields?

A
  • binocular: both eyes provide info; central vision
  • monocular: info. provided by one eye; left or right eye
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22
Q

What quadrant depends on the monocular visual field?

A

inferior

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23
Q

In binocular and optic chiasm, what is the path of the the right visual field?

A

goes to nasal retina of the right eye and temporal retina of the left eye

vice versa for left visual field

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24
Q

All info. from the right visual field will end up on what side of the brain?

A

left side

vice versa for left visual field

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25
Q

What are the 2 photoreceptors of the retina?

A

cones and rods

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26
Q

Whar are the 4 retinal neurons and what potentials do they produce?

A
  • graded potentials: horizontal and bipolar cells
  • action potentials: amacrine and ganglion cells
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27
Q

How are photoreceptive components of rods and cones recycled?

A

they are embedded in epithelial cells which allows the epithelium to recycle photoreceptors

28
Q

What can damage rods and cones?

A

too much absorption of light

29
Q

Which photoreceptor of the retina is not sensitive to color and requires low amounts of light?

A

rods

30
Q

Which photoreceptor of the retina is sensitive to color and requires high amounts of light?

A

cones

31
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

chemical that responds to light in rods

32
Q

Which photoreceptor of the retina uses a single opsin? Which uses multiple opsins?

A
  • rods: use a single opsin
  • cones: use multiple opsins
33
Q

What happens when photoreceptors are in the dark?

A

depolarized and releases glutamate

34
Q

What occurs in the absence of a triggering stimulus?

A

channels open -> cell is depolarized ->glutamate is constantly released

35
Q

What occurs when light activates rhodopsin?

A

closes Na channels-> cell is hyperpolarized ->glutamte stops being released

36
Q

What vitamin is responsible for the metabolic pathway that allows rhodopsin and signaling to be maintained?

A

vitamin A

with vitamin A deficiency, eyesight can be damaged

37
Q

Where is retinol stored?

A

in the liver

38
Q

Is a bipolar cell depolarized or hyperpolarized in an on-center?

A

depolarized

39
Q

Is a bipolar cell depolarized or hyperpolarized in an off-center?

A

hyperpolarized

40
Q

During ganglion and bipolar cell responses, are metabotropic receptors on or off?

A

off

41
Q

During ganglion and bipolar cell responses, are NMDA receptors on or off?

A

on

42
Q

During ganglion and bipolar cell responses, what happens in darkness?

A
  • lots of glutamate
  • NMDA activation
  • off-center pathway activated
  • rhodopsin is inactive
  • Na channels open, cells depolarize
43
Q

During ganglion and bipolar cell responses, what happens in light?

A
  • glutamate is cut off
  • disinhibits on-center pathway
  • rhodopsin is active
  • Na channels close, cells hyperpolarized
44
Q

LGIC is what type of receptor?

A

NMDA

45
Q

GPCR is what type fo receptor?

A

metabotropic

46
Q

How are action potentials created in electrophysiological responses in the retina?

A

when on-center cells depolarize

47
Q

What induces hyperpolarization in the retina?

A

light

48
Q

When there is a decrease in glutamate stimulation, what is the effect on the on and off centers?

A
  • on-center bipolar cell depolarizes
  • off-center bipolar cell hyperpolarizes
49
Q

What is scotopic vision?

A

only rods

50
Q

What is mesopic vision?

A

both rods and cones

51
Q

What is photopic vision?

A

only cones

52
Q

When is damage possible during light intensity?

A

when there is too much brightness/bleach

53
Q

In colorblindess, what are the 2 opsins?

A
  • protanopia: missing red waves
  • deuteranopia: missing green waves
54
Q

What occurs to the on-center bipolar cells during vertical info flow with light stimulation?

A
  • decrease glutamate release from photoreceptor
  • increase depolarization
  • increase glutamate release
  • increase ganglion firing rate

vice versa for absence of light

55
Q

What occurs to the off-center bipolar cells during vertical info flow with light stimulation?

A
  • decrease glutamate release from photoreceptor
  • decrease depolarization
  • decrease glutamate release
  • decrease ganglion firing rate

vice versa for absence of light

56
Q

What happens when the bipolar cells have a change in release of glutamate?

A
  • on ganglion cells increase action potential firing
  • off bipolar cells decrease action potential firing
57
Q

Horizontal cells release what and form what junctions?

A

GABA; gap junctions

58
Q

Amacrine cells release what and forms what junctions?

A

GABA, glycine, dopamine; gap junctions

59
Q

Horizontal and amacrine cells provide what type of info.?

A

lateral

60
Q

Why do you want lateral info. between photoreceptors?

A
  • to get a percisely identify an edge
  • to identify motion
61
Q

What junctions does lateral inhibition rely on?

A

gap

62
Q

An MSP3 student arrives late to lecture and decides to sit in the very back row of MDA1209. In order for the lens of his eyes to properly refract light (from the screen) onto the retina, what must occur?
A. Ciliary muscle relaxes; suspensory ligament tightens; lens flattens
B. Ciliary muscle contracts; suspensory ligament relaxes; lens becomes globular
C. Ciliary muscle relaxes; suspensory ligament tightens; lens becomes globular
D. Ciliary muscle contracts; suspensory ligament relaxes; lens flattens

A

A

63
Q

During a bright day on the beach, the rods of your retina become saturated with light and only cones are being used to perceive visual fields. Which of the following best describes this form of vision?
A. Scotopic
B. Mesopic
C. Photopic
D. Lasopic

A

C

64
Q

A 24-year-old was recently diagnosed with a form of color blindness known as Deuteranopia due to a genetic malformation of the cones in his retina. Given her condition, which of the following color wavelengths is she not able to perceive?
A. Red
B. Green
C. Blue
D. Yellow

A

B

65
Q

Neuroscientists at the Morsani College of Medicine are studying the effects of light stimulation on retinal neurons and photoreceptors. All of the following are likely to occur during their experiment EXCEPT:
A. Hyperpolarization of photoreceptors
B. Decreased glutamate release from on-center bipolar cells
C. Hyperpolarization of off-center bipolar cells
D. Decreased glutamate release from photoreceptors

A

B

66
Q

Horizontal cells play an important role in the modulation of lateral information flow within the retina. More specifically, they are responsible for lateral inhibition. What neurotransmitter do horizontal cells release to execute their function?
A. GABA
B. Glycine
C. Dopamine
D. All of the above

A

A

Neuroscience Exam 2: Nastassia (9 decks)

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